Alphabeta Math
CounterexampleConstruction: AI-adaptedVerification: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-09
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

Countable levels do not suffice for König’s lemma

Statement refuted

Every height-ω tree with countable levels has a cofinal branch.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Work in ZF. Let T be the set of all finite strictly decreasing sequences of natural numbers, including the empty sequence, ordered by proper initial segment.

[F1]

Heights are predecessor order types; a cofinal branch has node heights unbounded in the height of the tree. Set-theoretic trees, heights, levels, branches and antichains

[F2]

A product of two countable sets is countable. A product of two at most countable sets is at most countable

[F3]

Subsets of countable sets are countable. Every subset of an at most countable set is at most countable

[F4]

Every nonempty set of natural numbers has a least element. The well-ordering principle

Counterexample

1.1givenF1

The predecessors of a sequence s of length n are exactly its restrictions to lengths 0,1,…,n−1, in that order. Thus the proper initial-segment relation is transitive and irreflexive, its predecessor orders are finite well-orders, and ht⁡T(s)=n by F1. The empty sequence is the unique root.

2.1F1F2F3step 1.1

The level T0 is a singleton. For each fixed n, the set ωn of length-n sequences is countable: start with the singleton ω0 and iterate F2 using ωn+1≅ωn×ω. Since Tn⊆ωn, F3 makes every level countable. For n>0 the explicit sequence (n−1,n−2,…,0) has length n and lies in Tn. Therefore all finite heights occur and the height is exactly ω. The first level contains every (m) for m∈ω, so it is infinite.

3.1F1F4step 1.1step 2.1∎

If B were a cofinal branch, its sequences would be nested and have unbounded lengths by F1. Their union would therefore be a function b:ω→ω. For each n, take a node in B of length at least n+2; its strict decrease gives b(n+1)<b(n). The nonempty range of b has a least element b(k) by F4, but b(k+1) is a smaller element of the same range, a contradiction. Thus the displayed countable-level tree has no cofinal branch. Its infinitely branching root and infinite first level explain precisely the failure of the finite-level hypothesis.

Depends on

Used by

Nothing in the library uses this result yet.

Dependency tree · two levels

30 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources