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Fixed-time assertions do not yield a pathwise nowhere statement
Statement refuted
The inference "if for each fixed time the path is almost surely not differentiable at , then almost surely the path is nowhere differentiable" is invalid. There is a continuous random process on such that for every fixed deterministic the path is almost surely not differentiable at , while almost surely the path is differentiable somewhere: the almost-sure assertions attached to the individual times of an uncountable family do not combine into the pathwise assertion.
Counterexample
Given: no special hypotheses beyond the standard Borel measure space , the Takagi function of The Takagi series converges uniformly to a continuous nowhere differentiable function, the profile on , and the process for .
Proof technique: direct.
The profile is continuous and differentiable at the origin: is a product of continuous functions, and with , finite because the continuous is bounded on the compact interval, one has for every , so and .
The profile is nowhere else differentiable: if were differentiable at some , then would be differentiable at as a quotient with nonvanishing denominator, contradicting the nowhere differentiability of the Takagi function on .
Every sample path is continuous, being a composition of the continuous maps and ; for the same reason the map is jointly measurable.
At the path is differentiable with derivative : for the difference quotient is , whose limit as is by [step 1.1].
At every with the path is not differentiable at : on a neighbourhood of such a that lies inside the path is the composition of the affine map of nonzero slope with the restriction of , so differentiability of the path at would make differentiable at , which lies in because and , and [step 2.1] excludes exactly that.
For a fixed deterministic the path is differentiable at exactly when , by [step 2.3] and [step 3.1]; since the singleton is Lebesgue-null, the path is almost surely not differentiable at , and this holds for every of the uncountable family .
Yet almost surely the path is differentiable somewhere, namely at , by [step 2.3]; hence the pathwise event "the path is nowhere differentiable on " has probability . The fixed-time assertions of [step 4.1] therefore do not upgrade to the pathwise statement: the quantifier over the uncountable family of times cannot be moved inside the almost-sure statement, which is the defect being exhibited.
The boundary and degenerate cases are covered: the fixed-time family is the open interval , so that at each of its times the two-sided notion of differentiability applies and the endpoint behaviour of the profile is never needed; the case is the differentiability point of the path and contributes the null singleton to the fixed-time computation of [step 4.1]; the outcomes form a null edge case and are not needed, since [step 5.1] only requires the event of positive probability on which the path is differentiable at an interior time; the profile is not constant, so the degenerate case in which every time were a differentiability point does not arise; and the construction selects nothing, the measure space and the profile being explicit.
Source notes
Durrett's discussion around Theorem 7.1.6 contrasts fixed-time statements with the pathwise nowhere-differentiability theorem for Brownian motion, and shows that the per-time almost-sure statement is not by itself a pathwise theorem. The witness above makes that quantifier failure explicit: the profile built from the Takagi function of The Takagi series converges uniformly to a continuous nowhere differentiable function has exactly one differentiability point, the origin, and shifting it by the uniform random variable produces a process that is almost surely non-differentiable at each fixed deterministic time interior to , while every one of its sample paths is differentiable at its own shift. The Takagi input is used only through the statement of that item.
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Sources
- Rick Durrett, Probability: Theory and Examples, fifth edition, Theorem 7.1.6 and the surrounding discussion of fixed-time versus pathwise statements (standard reference, not scraped)
- The Takagi function: a survey (the nowhere-differentiable input to the profile) (standard reference, not scraped)