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Inelastic bouncing-ball impacts can accumulate in finite time

Statement refuted

Every hybrid ODE trajectory whose individual impacts are transverse has only finitely many events on every bounded time interval contained in its time domain.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A rigid ball moves vertically under constant downward acceleration g>0, with height q and velocity v; the impact guard is q=0 with downward crossing orientation, and the reset is (q,v)+=(0,−ev−) for a fixed restitution coefficient 0<e<1.

[F1]

Smooth hybrid ODE modes, guards, resets, and deterministic event priority: a guard crossing applies its reset and restarts the outgoing smooth mode.

Counterexample

1.1givenF1algebra

Start immediately after a bounce with upward velocity v0>0. Under q′=v, v′=−g, the next impact occurs after 2v0/g, and the incoming impact velocity is −v0. Its guard derivative is q′=v−=−v0<0, so it has the declared downward orientation; the reset produces upward velocity ev0 and does not immediately re-trigger that oriented guard.

2.1givenstep 1.1inductionalgebra

Repeating the calculation, the time between the kth and (k+1)st impacts is 2ekv0/g for k=0,1,2,…. Every such interval is positive, so the impacts are distinct; at each one the incoming guard derivative is q′=v−=−ekv0≠0, so each crossing is transverse and has the declared orientation.

3.1step 2.1algebraconstruct∎

The impact times are τn=∑k=0n−12ekv0/g for n≥1, and converge to TZ=2v0/(g(1−e))<∞. Concatenating the exact mode solutions and resets defines a hybrid execution on the bounded half-open interval [0,TZ): every t<TZ lies before only finitely many impacts, while the event times τn accumulate at the excluded endpoint. It therefore has infinitely many transverse impacts in a bounded interval contained in its time domain, refuting the statement. The event separations tend to zero, so the finite separated-event theorem does not apply.

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