Alphabeta Math
CounterexampleConstruction: AI-adaptedVerification: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-14
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Weak-star compact does not imply weak-star sequentially compact

Statement

Assume the ultrafilter lemma. The weak-star compact closed unit ball of () need not be weak-star sequentially compact.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The ultrafilter lemma and the real or complex Banach space .

[F1]

Under the ultrafilter lemma every closed dual unit ball is weak-star compact (Banach–Alaoglu).

[F2]

Weak-star convergence of a sequence means convergence of its evaluations at every predual vector (Weak star convergence).

[F3]

The elements of are bounded scalar sequences with the supremum norm (The sequence spaces c_0 and ell-infinity).

Proof

technique · direct subsequence obstruction
1.1

For each nN define Λn() by Λn(x)=xn. Then Λn(x)x and equality holds at the nth coordinate vector, so Λn=1.

F3given
2.1

Consider any subsequence (Λnk), with the indices nk strictly increasing. Define x by xnk=(1)k and xj=0 off the range of (nk). This is well defined because the indices are distinct and has x=1 by [F3].

F3step 1.1
3.1

Its evaluations are Λnk(x)=(1)k, which do not converge in R or C. By [F2], the chosen subsequence is not weak-star convergent. Since the subsequence was arbitrary, (Λn) has no weak-star convergent subsequence.

F2step 2.1
4.1

Nevertheless [F1] makes the closed unit ball containing this sequence weak-star compact under the ultrafilter lemma. It is therefore a compact space with a sequence having no convergent subsequence, as claimed.

F1step 1.1step 3.1

Depends on

Used by

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