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Semisimple algebras and disjoint unions of diagrams

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Choice. Finite-dimensional complex semisimple Lie algebras are classified up to isomorphism by finite disjoint unions of connected finite-type Dynkin diagrams, with multiplicity: a semisimple algebra corresponds to the multiset of connected diagrams of its simple ideals.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A finite-dimensional complex semisimple Lie algebra g.

[A1]

AC is assumed and is used through the Cartan-Killing classification (The Axiom of Choice).

[L1]

A finite-dimensional complex semisimple Lie algebra is a finite direct sum of simple ideals (Semisimple Lie algebras decompose into simple ideals).

[L2]

Finite-dimensional complex simple Lie algebras are classified up to isomorphism by the connected finite-type Dynkin diagrams (Cartan-Killing classification of complex simple Lie algebras).

[L3]

Relative to any decomposition of a semisimple algebra into simple ideals, every ideal is the sum of a subfamily of the simple factors (Ideals and quotients of semisimple Lie algebras).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1L1L3algebra

The simple-ideal decomposition is unique up to order. Indeed, given decompositions g=⨁i=1mgi=⨁j=1nhj, [L3] writes each ideal gi as a sum of a subfamily of the hj. Simplicity and nonzeroness force that subfamily to consist of exactly one factor, so gi=hj for a unique j. Distinct i give distinct j, and every hj occurs because the gi span g. Thus m=n and the two families agree after a permutation.

1.2L1L2algebra

Conversely, a finite multiset of connected finite-type diagrams determines a semisimple algebra up to isomorphism: take the direct sum of the simple Lie algebras attached to the diagrams by [L2]; any two semisimple algebras with the same multiset of simple-ideal diagrams are isomorphic factor by factor by [L2].

2.1L1L2step 1.1algebra

By [L1] write g=g1⊕⋯⊕gm as a direct sum of simple ideals. Each gj is a finite-dimensional complex simple Lie algebra, so by [L2] it has a connected finite-type Dynkin diagram, well defined up to isomorphism, and step 1.1 makes the resulting multiset depend only on the isomorphism class of g.

3.1step 1.2step 2.1A1algebra∎

Steps 1.2 and 2.1 give inverse assignments between isomorphism classes of finite-dimensional complex semisimple Lie algebras and finite multisets of connected finite-type Dynkin diagrams, which is the asserted classification with multiplicity.

Remarks

The following example makes multiplicity visible. Write gAr for a complex simple Lie algebra of type Ar, as supplied by [L2]. The two isolated vertices are two distinct connected components, both of type A1; the remaining component is of type A2.

[gA1©gA1©gA2]lA1A1A2

Brackets denote the Lie algebra isomorphism class, and the vertical symbol denotes the classification correspondence, not a Lie algebra map. Permuting components does not change the class, but deleting either A1 component changes the multiset. The diagram illustrates steps 1.1–3.1; the proof is independent of it.

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Sources