How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
The dual space X^* of a normed space and its dual norm
Definition
Let be a normed space over the scalar field , where , using A norm on a real vector space, the induced metric, and the dictionary with the metric axioms over and Complex norm and complex normed space over . The dual space of is
the space of bounded linear functionals on (The spaces (\mathcal B(X,Y)) and (\mathcal B(X)) of bounded linear operators).
Each is in particular a linear functional in the algebraic sense, so is a subspace of the algebraic dual from Linear functionals and the algebraic dual .
The dual norm on is the operator norm:
Remarks
- The pairing between and is evaluation: .
- In this library, means the topological dual unless the phrase "algebraic dual" is written explicitly.
Depends on
Used by
- Hilbert spaces are reflexive Corollary
- Relative dual norming, point separation, and recovery of the norm Corollary
- The norm of a vector is the supremum of |f(x)| over the dual unit ball Corollary
- A closed subspace of ell-infinity that is not complemented Counterexample
- Absolute polar in a normed dual pair Definition
- Annihilator notation and the preannihilator Definition
- Centered Borel Gaussian random element on a separable Banach space Definition
- Continuous annihilator of a linear subspace Definition
- Convex sets and continuous real-hyperplane separation in a normed space Definition
- Dentable bounded set and slice Definition
- Gateaux and Frechet derivatives of a functional Definition
- Linear coercive elliptic PDE control problem and reduced objective Definition
- The canonical evaluation map into the bidual Definition
- The negative Sobolev space H⁻¹(Ω) Definition
- The transpose of a bounded operator Definition
- The weak-star topology from finite evaluations Definition
- Weak topology on a normed space Definition
- Weak, strict, and strong separation Definition
- An explicit norming functional for the finite-dimensional maximum norm Example
- Norm-attaining functionals on a Hilbert space Example
- A Reiter net has an invariant-mean cluster point Lemma
- A separable Banach space has a countable norming family Lemma
- A topological invariant mean yields norm-approximately invariant densities Lemma
- Annihilators and preannihilators are norm closed Lemma
- Banach mean value estimate on a convex set Lemma
- Banach-valued Cauchy integral vanishes Lemma
- Bounded variation of a vector measure is a finite measure Lemma
- Dual ball as a closed subset of a product Lemma
- Evaluation defines a bounded scalar-linear map into the bidual Lemma
- Irreducible representations separate arbitrary C star algebras Lemma
- James convex-block norm-attainment criterion Lemma
- James nonreflexivity sequence separated from an annihilator Lemma
- Probability-density approximation of continuous tests and topological means Lemma
- Quantitative Bishop–Phelps support functional construction Lemma
- The elliptic Fredholm range condition is orthogonality to the adjoint kernel Lemma
- The fixed point property implies amenability Lemma
- The quotient ell-infinity/c₀ has no countable separating family Lemma
- The continuous dual, its completeness, and evaluation Remark
- The published Lp duality theorem in abstract notation Remark
- Two different Riesz representation theorems Remark
…and 19 more results.
Dependency tree · two levels
11 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Daniel Daners, Introduction to Functional Analysis, Definition 25.1 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Gerald Teschl, Topics in Real and Functional Analysis, Section 4.2 (standard reference, not scraped)