Alphabeta Math
ExampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-6-sol)audited 2026-09-27
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The sheaf of all functions to an abelian group is flasque

Example

Let X be a topological space (Topology on a set, open and closed sets, clopen sets, the closed-set axiomatisation, and the coarser/finer comparison), let A be an abelian group, and for an open subset U⊆X let F(U):=Map⁡(U,A)={ f:f is a function U→A }, the set of all functions from U to A (A function is a relation f with (a,b)∈f and (a,c)∈f implying b=c; f:A→B, the value f(a), domain and codomain) with pointwise addition, and for U⊆V open let ρUV(f):=f∣U be the restriction of a function to U. Then F is a sheaf of abelian groups on X (A sheaf on a topological space) and it is flasque (Flasque sheaf): every restriction map of F is surjective. The sheaf of locally constant functions is a subsheaf of this all-functions sheaf; its contrasting failure of flasqueness is treated in The constant sheaf of integers on the line is not flasque.

Facts & Assumptions

[F1]

The members of a topology T on X are its open sets, and ∅ and X are open (Topology on a set, open and closed sets, clopen sets, the closed-set axiomatisation, and the coarser/finer comparison).

[F2]

A presheaf of sets on X consists of sets F(U) for open U and restriction maps ρVU for V⊆U with ρUU=id⁡ and ρWU=ρWV∘ρVU whenever W⊆V⊆U (A presheaf on a topological space).

[F3]

A presheaf is a sheaf when for every open U and every open cover U=⋃i∈IUi it satisfies locality and gluing, and then the glued section is unique (A sheaf on a topological space).

[F4]

A sheaf of abelian groups F is flasque when every restriction map ρUV:F(V)→F(U), U⊆V open, is surjective (Flasque sheaf).

[F5]

A function is a relation f such that (a,b)∈f and (a,c)∈f imply b=c; thus a relation all of whose values are unique is a function (A function is a relation f with (a,b)∈f and (a,c)∈f implying b=c; f:A→B, the value f(a), domain and codomain).

Verification

Given: A topological space X, an abelian group A with zero element 0A, and for every open U⊆X the set F(U)=Map⁡(U,A) of all functions U→A with pointwise addition and restrictions f↦f∣U.

Proof technique: direct.

1.1

For open U⊆X let F(U)=Map⁡(U,A) be the set of all functions U→A, and for open U⊆V let ρUV(f):=f∣U; both U and V are open sets of the topology of [F1]. Restriction of functions satisfies ρUU(f)=f and ρWU(f)=ρWV(ρVU(f)) for W⊆V⊆U, since both sides send x∈W to f(x); by [F2] this makes F a presheaf of sets on X. It is a presheaf of abelian groups under pointwise addition (f+g)(x):=f(x)+g(x): the pointwise sum of two functions U→A is a function U→A [F5], addition is associative and commutative and has the constant zero function as identity because A is an abelian group, and each ρUV is a group homomorphism since restrictions are computed valuewise.

F1F2F5
2.1

F satisfies the two sheaf conditions of [F3]. Locality: if f,g∈F(U) and f∣Ui=g∣Ui for all i in an open cover U=⋃i∈IUi, then for every x∈U there is an i with x∈Ui, and f(x)=f∣Ui(x)=g∣Ui(x)=g(x), so f=g. Gluing: let fi∈F(Ui) satisfy fi∣Ui∩Uj=fj∣Ui∩Uj for all i,j, and form the relation f:={(x,v):x∈U, v∈A, there is i∈I with x∈Ui and fi(x)=v}. If (x,v) and (x,v′) belong to f, witnessed by indices i,j with x∈Ui∩Uj, then v=fi(x)=fi∣Ui∩Uj(x)=fj∣Ui∩Uj(x)=fj(x)=v′, so the value is unique and f is a function [F5] with domain U: every x∈U lies in some Ui, giving (x,fi(x))∈f. By construction f∣Ui=fi for every i, so compatible families glue; by [F3] the presheaf F is a sheaf, and with the pointwise group structure of [step 1.1] it is a sheaf of abelian groups, the group operations being computed valuewise and the glued section unique.

F3F5step 1.1
3.1

Let U⊆V be open and let f∈F(U). Since V is the disjoint union of U and V∖U, the rule g(x):={f(x),x∈U,0A,x∈V∖U, defines a function g:V→A [F5], because the two cases are exhaustive and mutually exclusive and the values are prescribed by the given data; here 0A is the zero element of the abelian group A. Its restriction to U is ρUV(g)=f. Hence every element of F(U) has a preimage under ρUV, that is, ρUV is surjective. As U⊆V were arbitrary open subsets, all restriction maps of F are surjective, and by [F4] the sheaf F is flasque.

F4F5step 2.1
4.1

Collecting the two assertions: F is a sheaf of abelian groups on X by [step 1.1] and [step 2.1], and it is flasque by [step 3.1], because every restriction of a function to a smaller open set has the canonical extension by the zero element of A described there. In particular the statement holds for every abelian group A and every topological space X, with F(∅)=Map⁡(∅,A) the one-element group. No choice principle is used anywhere: the extension of [step 3.1] is given by an explicit two-case formula and the glued function of [step 2.1] is defined by a relation whose values are unique, so that no index or point is selected and the item declares no choice principle. ∎

F4step 3.1step 1.1step 2.1

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