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False statementConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-22
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Every finite reflection-invariant set of vectors is crystallographic

Statement

False: a finite set of nonzero vectors spanning a Euclidean space that is invariant under all of its root reflections need not be crystallographic; reflection invariance alone does not force the Cartan integers 2(β,α)/(α,α) to be integers.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The regular pentagon and the notation of the root-system axioms.

[L1]

A reduced crystallographic root system requires sα(Φ)=Φ and integrality of all Cartan integers (Reduced crystallographic Euclidean root system).

Proof

technique · counterexample
1.1

Let Φ={±(cos(2πk/5),sin(2πk/5)):k=0,1,2,3,4}R2; it is a finite subset of R2{0} spanning R2, and its ten elements lie on five distinct lines, so RαΦ={±α} for each αΦ.

givenalgebra
1.2

The set Φ consists exactly of the unit vectors whose angles are mπ/5, mZ/10Z. If α has angle mπ/5, then sα is reflection in the perpendicular line at angle mπ/5+π/2. It therefore sends the vector at angle nπ/5 to the vector at angle 2(mπ5+π2)nπ5=(2m+5n)π5, which again belongs to Φ. Hence sα(Φ)=Φ for every αΦ.

L1algebra
1.3

The integrality axiom fails. Take α=(1,0) and β=(cos(2π/5),sin(2π/5)); then 2(β,α)/(α,α)=2cos(2π/5)=:y. With ζ=e2πi/5 one has y=ζ+ζ1 and 1+ζ+ζ2+ζ3+ζ4=0, so dividing by ζ2 gives 0=ζ2+ζ+1+ζ1+ζ2=(y22)+y+1, that is y2+y1=0 and y(y+1)=1. If y were an integer, the integer factor pair (y,y+1) would have to be (1,1) or (1,1), neither of which consists of consecutive integers. Hence yZ.

givenalgebra
2.1

Thus Φ is a finite, spanning, reduced, reflection-invariant set of nonzero vectors whose Cartan integer y is not an integer, so Φ is not a crystallographic root system by [L1]; this refutes the claim that reflection invariance alone suffices.

L1step 1.1step 1.2step 1.3

Depends on

Used by

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Sources