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False statementConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-generatedSession-authored (Fable 5 assisted)precheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-08-29
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Hausdorff and locally Euclidean do not by themselves make a manifold

Statement

False claim (assuming ACω): every Hausdorff locally Euclidean space is a manifold.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The library convention for manifolds, the long line L, and the Axiom of Countable Choice ACω.

[F1]

A topological manifold must be Hausdorff, second countable, and locally Euclidean (Topological manifolds without boundary: Hausdorff, second-countable, and locally Euclidean spaces).

[F2]

The closed long ray R=ω1×[0,1) is built from blocks {α}×[0,1) ordered like intervals and has no greatest element. The long line L is a reversed open copy of R followed by a closed copy, with the order topology (The closed long ray ω1×[0,1) under the lexicographic order, and the long line, with the order topology).

[L1]

Assuming ACω, every second-countable space is separable (Assuming countable choice, every second countable space is separable).

Refutation

technique · direct
1.1

The long line L is Hausdorff and locally Euclidean of dimension 1. It is linearly ordered with the order topology, and its order is dense, so two distinct points are separated by disjoint open rays cut at an intermediate point. Every point lies inside a block, at a block boundary, or at the centre where the two copies meet; the block description in [F2] gives in each case an order interval homeomorphic to an open interval of R. Unlike the closed long ray, L has no endpoint.

F2
1.2

Suppose L were second countable. Then [L1] would make it separable, so there would be an at most countable dense subset DL. Let D+:={xR:(1,x)D} be the coordinates of the points of D in the right-hand copy. This is at most countable, so [L2] gives an upper bound bR. Choose b<c<d in R, using the absence of a greatest element and the interval-like blocks in [F2]. The nonempty open interval ((1,b),(1,d)) contains (1,c), contains no point from the left-hand copy, and contains no point of D+ because b bounds it. It is therefore disjoint from D, contradicting density. Thus L is not second countable.

F2L1L2assume-hyp
2.1

Step 1.1 gives a Hausdorff locally Euclidean space, while step 1.2 shows that it fails the second-countability clause of [F1]. Therefore the claim is false.

F1step 1.1step 1.2

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources