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Hausdorff and locally Euclidean do not by themselves make a manifold
Statement
False claim (assuming ): every Hausdorff locally Euclidean space is a manifold.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The library convention for manifolds, the long line , and the Axiom of Countable Choice .
A topological manifold must be Hausdorff, second countable, and locally Euclidean (Topological manifolds without boundary: Hausdorff, second-countable, and locally Euclidean spaces).
The closed long ray is built from blocks ordered like intervals and has no greatest element. The long line is a reversed open copy of followed by a closed copy, with the order topology (The closed long ray under the lexicographic order, and the long line, with the order topology).
Assuming , every second-countable space is separable (Assuming countable choice, every second countable space is separable).
Assuming , every at most countable subset of is bounded above (The long ray is a linear continuum, hence connected; every one of its at most countable subsets is bounded above, assuming countable choice).
Refutation
The long line is Hausdorff and locally Euclidean of dimension . It is linearly ordered with the order topology, and its order is dense, so two distinct points are separated by disjoint open rays cut at an intermediate point. Every point lies inside a block, at a block boundary, or at the centre where the two copies meet; the block description in [F2] gives in each case an order interval homeomorphic to an open interval of . Unlike the closed long ray, has no endpoint.
Suppose were second countable. Then [L1] would make it separable, so there would be an at most countable dense subset . Let be the coordinates of the points of in the right-hand copy. This is at most countable, so [L2] gives an upper bound . Choose in , using the absence of a greatest element and the interval-like blocks in [F2]. The nonempty open interval contains , contains no point from the left-hand copy, and contains no point of because bounds it. It is therefore disjoint from , contradicting density. Thus is not second countable.
Step 1.1 gives a Hausdorff locally Euclidean space, while step 1.2 shows that it fails the second-countability clause of [F1]. Therefore the claim is false.
Depends on
- Topological manifolds without boundary: Hausdorff, second-countable, and locally Euclidean spaces
- The closed long ray $\omega_1 \times [0,1)$ under the lexicographic order, and the long line, with the order topology
- The long ray is a linear continuum, hence connected; every one of its at most countable subsets is bounded above, assuming countable choice
- Assuming countable choice, every second countable space is separable
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- Rob van der Vorst, Introduction to differentiable manifolds, §1 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Nigel Hitchin, Differentiable Manifolds, §2.2 (standard reference, not scraped)