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In a basic bull-free graph, an odd hole with an anticomplete outside vertex forbids consecutive neighbors

Statement

Let G be a basic bull-free graph, let H be an odd hole in G with V(H)5, let aV(G)V(H) be anticomplete to V(H), and let uV(G)V(H) be adjacent to a. Then u has no two consecutive neighbors on H. In particular, u has at least V(H)/2 nonneighbors in V(H).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A basic bull-free graph G, an odd hole H with vertices h1,,hk in cyclic order and k5, a vertex a anticomplete to V(H), and a vertex u adjacent to a.

[F1]

A basic bull-free graph is not composite (Basic and composite bull-free graphs).

[F2]

A hole is an induced cycle (Holes, antiholes, and odd holes).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

Because G is basic, u cannot be complete to V(H): together with the anticomplete outside vertex a, that would make the odd hole H a composite witness, contrary to [F1]. So u has a nonneighbor on H. Suppose u had two consecutive neighbors, say h1 and h2. Let i be minimal with u nonadjacent to hi; then i3, and minimality gives u adjacent to hi1 and hi2. Since a is anticomplete to H, the five vertices {a,u,hi2,hi1,hi} induce a bull, contradicting bull-freeness. Therefore u has no two consecutive neighbors on H.

F1F2givenchoosealgebra
2.1

On a cycle of length k, any vertex subset with no two consecutive vertices has size at most k/2. Step 1.1 therefore bounds the number of neighbors of u on H by k/2, so the number of nonneighbors is at least kk/2=k/2.

step 1.1algebra

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