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LemmaStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-6-luna)verified 2026-10-22 (gpt-6.1-sol)
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A bounded Euclidean homeomorphism has a compactly supported local model

Statement

Let n≥1, let f:Rn→Rn be a homeomorphism, and suppose there is a finite constant C≥0 such that ∥f(x)−x∥≤C for every x. For every compact subset K⊂Rn, there are an open neighborhood U of K, a closed Euclidean ball B centered at the origin, and an ambient isotopy Gt of Rn, 0≤t≤1, such that G0 is the identity, every Gt is the identity outside B, and G1∣U=f∣U. In particular, if f is piecewise linear on a neighborhood of K, the final map is piecewise linear on some neighborhood of K. No global piecewise linearity of the isotopy or its final map is asserted.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: n,f,C,K as in the Statement, with the Euclidean norm.

[F1]

A homeomorphism is a continuous bijection with continuous inverse, and an ambient isotopy is a continuous family of homeomorphisms starting at the identity, whose associated map on the product with the parameter interval is a homeomorphism (Homeomorphism, open map, closed map, embedding, and what it means for a property to be topological, Homotopies of continuous maps, homotopies relative to a subspace, and path homotopies relative to the endpoints).

Proof

Given: The data above.

1.1givenF1construct

Choose R>1 so large that K∪f(K) lies in the open radius-R ball; this is possible because the continuous image of a compact set is compact, and compact Euclidean sets are bounded. Set L=R+1. Define an increasing homeomorphism ρ:[0,∞)→[0,L) by ρ(r)=r for r≤R and ρ(r)=R+(r−R)/(1+r−R) for r≥R. The radial map y(0)=0, y(x)=ρ(∥x∥)x/∥x∥ for x≠0, is a homeomorphism from Rn onto the open radius-L ball, and it is the identity on the closed radius-R ball. On the open radius-L ball put g=y∘f∘y−1. This is a homeomorphism there.

1.2givenF1step 1.1construct

Extend g by the identity on the radius-L sphere. To verify continuity there, put r=∥x∥ and s=∥f(x)∥. The displacement bound gives s≥r−C. For r>C, insert f(x)/r between the two unit vectors to obtain ∥f(x)s−xr∥≤∣s−r∣r+Cr≤2Cr. Consequently ∥y(f(x))−y(x)∥≤∣ρ(s)−ρ(r)∣+ρ(r)2Cr≤(L−ρ(s))+(L−ρ(r))+2LCr. The right side tends to zero as r→∞, uniformly over directions, since s≥r−C and ρ is increasing with limit L. For an interior point z=y(x) approaching a boundary point b, the equality ∥z∥=ρ(r) forces r→∞, and ∥g(z)−b∥≤∥g(z)−z∥+∥z−b∥ tends to zero by this bound. This proves continuity directly. The inverse f−1 has the same displacement bound: if z=f(x) then ∥f−1(z)−z∥=∥x−f(x)∥≤C. Applying the same calculation to f−1 gives the continuous inverse extension. Extend once more by the identity outside the closed radius-L ball to obtain a homeomorphism G of Rn. The formulas and their inverse formulas agree on the joining sphere.

2.1givenstep 1.1step 1.2

The set U={x:∥x∥<R, ∥f(x)∥<R} is an open neighborhood of K. On U both y−1(x)=x and y(f(x))=f(x), so G(x)=f(x). Thus any piecewise linearity of f on an open neighborhood of K is retained after intersecting that neighborhood with U. This is an equality of actual local maps, rather than an approximation statement about their images.

3.1F1step 1.2step 2.1construct∎

For 0<t≤1 define Gt(x)=tG(x/t) when ∥x∥≤tL, and Gt(x)=x when ∥x∥≥tL; put G0(x)=x. The branches agree at ∥x∥=tL because G fixes the radius-L sphere. Each Gt is a homeomorphism, with inverse given by the same formula using G−1; it fixes every point outside the radius-tL ball. The formulas give joint continuity for t>0. At t=0, both x and its image lie in the radius-tL ball whenever a point moves, so ∥Gt(x)−x∥≤2tL. This proves joint continuity at zero, uniformly in x. The identical estimate applies to the inverse family, hence (x,t)↦(Gt(x),t) is a homeomorphism with continuous inverse (x,t)↦(Gt−1(x),t). Therefore Gt is an ambient isotopy, supported in the radius-L ball, from the identity to G. Together with step 2.1 this proves all conclusions.

Remarks

The construction uses only a choice of one sufficiently large real number, with no countable or arbitrary-index choice assumption. It supplies the bounded-homeomorphism compactification step in the Euclidean part of Hamilton's torus argument. It does not prove that a topological three-manifold admits a piecewise linear structure, and it does not straighten an arbitrary topological coordinate change.

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