Alphabeta Math
LemmaStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-07
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

Cheeger indicator and positive part energy

Statement

Let n2 and use normalized edge expansion h and algebraic gap γ=1μ2. Then γ2h. Moreover some sign of a nonzero mean-zero μ2 eigenvector has positive part f0 supported on at most n/2 vertices and satisfying f,(IM)fγf2.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: the objects and hypotheses in the statement above.

[F1]

For the regular multigraph and spectral conventions in the stated convention, put α=M1. For n2 order the eigenvalues 1=μ1μ2μn, counting multiplicity, and put γ=1μ2. Thus α=maxj2μj, which also controls negative eigenvalues. Write cut(S)=uS,vSAuv and VS={vS:Auv>0 for some uS}. Normalized edge expansion and external vertex expansion are h=min0<Sn/2cut(S)dS,hV=min0<Sn/2VSS. For n=1, put α=0 and leave μ2,γ,h,hV undefined; cut-expansion assertions are vacuous. A bounded-degree family is an expander family when its normalized edge expansion has a positive uniform lower bound for n2. Polynomial-time constructibility means a uniform algorithm outputs the adjacency list in time polynomial in n; neighbor computation in time polynomial in logn is a stronger requirement. (Spectral edge and vertex expansion).

[F2]

If T is self-adjoint on a nonzero finite-dimensional real inner product space and its eigenvalues are ordered as λ1λn, then λ1=maxv0RT(v)andλn=minv0RT(v). (The smallest and largest eigenvalues of a self-adjoint endomorphism are the minimum and maximum Rayleigh quotients).

Proof

1.1

On the nonzero invariant space 1, the Rayleigh quotient of IM is at least γ. For 0<Sn/2, the centered indicator has norm squared S(1S/n)/n and energy cut(S)/(nd). Hence γcut(S)/(dS(1S/n))2cut(S)/(dS). Minimize over the finite nonempty collection of such sets.

F1F2
2.1

Choose a nonzero mean-zero eigenvector g for μ2. It has both positive and negative entries, so one sign has at most n/2 positive entries. Let f=max(g,0) for this sign. At a positive coordinate, MfMg since fg and M is nonnegative; thus (IM)f(IM)g=γg there. Multiply by f, sum, and use f=0 elsewhere to obtain the energy bound. This also works when γ=0 and when some coordinates of g vanish.

step 1.1algebra

Depends on

Used by

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Sources