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Closed range is equivalent to a quotient estimate
Statement
Let or . Assume DC. For a bounded linear map between Banach spaces,
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The spaces, maps, scalar field, and hypotheses in the statement above. All duals consist of linear functionals over the ambient field; evaluation has no conjugation.
From A quotient of a Banach space by a closed subspace is Banach, with its stated hypotheses: Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice (def-countable-choice). Let be a Banach space and let be a closed linear subspace. Then is Banach for the quotient norm.
From A bounded operator that vanishes on a subspace factors uniquely through the normed quotient, with its stated hypotheses: Let and be normed spaces over the same scalar field, let be a closed linear subspace, let be the quotient map, and let be a bounded linear operator with . Then there is a unique bounded linear operator such that and moreover .
From A closed subspace of a Banach space is Banach, with its stated hypotheses: Let be a Banach space and let be a closed linear subspace, equipped with the restricted norm. Then is a Banach space.
From Bounded inverse theorem, with its stated hypotheses: Assume DC. A bounded bijective linear map between Banach spaces has a bounded linear inverse .
From Under Dependent Choice, a bounded operator between Banach spaces is bounded below exactly when it is injective with closed range, with its stated hypotheses: Assume the Axiom of Dependent Choice (def-dependent-choice). Let and be Banach spaces over the same scalar field, and let be a bounded linear operator. Then is bounded below if and only if it is injective and has closed range.
Proof
The kernel is closed: with implies by boundedness. DC supplies the countable choice required for quotient completeness, so is Banach. The quotient universal property gives a bounded injective , , with range .
If that range is closed, it is Banach. View as a bounded bijection onto this range and use bounded inverse to obtain with a positive (enlarge a zero bound if necessary). This is the required distance estimate.
Conversely the estimate is for every , so is bounded below. Since and are Banach, the bounded-below criterion makes its range closed. If , then and the estimate is for any positive ; all steps cover this case.
Depends on
- The transpose of a bounded operator
- A quotient of a Banach space by a closed subspace is Banach
- A bounded operator that vanishes on a subspace factors uniquely through the normed quotient
- A closed subspace of a Banach space is Banach
- Bounded inverse theorem
- Under Dependent Choice, a bounded operator between Banach spaces is bounded below exactly when it is injective with closed range
Used by
- Banach closed-range theorem Theorem
Dependency tree · two levels
25 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Bühler–Salamon, Functional Analysis, Theorem 4.16(ii)–(iii), pp.178–179 (standard reference, not scraped)