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Club continuity produces strongly increasing subsequences
Statement
Assume AC. Let be any proper ideal on an infinite set , let be uncountable regular, and let be regular. Suppose is a strictly increasing sequence of ordinal functions on . Suppose also that for every with there are a club and such that
where the supremum is pointwise. Then holds: every unbounded contains indices of order type forming a strongly increasing subsequence. In particular this holds for countably many coordinates and the finite ideal. No completeness or singleton-membership assumption on is required.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The hypotheses in the statement and an arbitrary unbounded .
Strong increase has individual witnesses with outside for ; requires this on an order-type- subsequence of every unbounded set (Strong increase and bounding projections in countable ordinal products).
For there are clubs of order type , indexed by , such that every club of contains one (Club guessing at the double successor of an uncountable regular cardinal).
Two clubs in an ordinal of uncountable cofinality have club intersection (Intersections of fewer than the cofinality many clubs).
Cofinality is a lower bound for the cardinality of a cofinal subset, and is attained; subsets smaller than a regular cardinal are bounded (; and ; for a limit ordinal the value is an infinite cardinal with , so it is regular; and every cofinal subset of has cardinality at least , a value that is attained, (c)–(d)).
A specified rule recurses on a well-order (Transfinite recursion).
Under AC successor cardinals, including , are regular ( is regular in ZF; assuming the Axiom of Choice every successor aleph is regular; , so is singular, and under choice it is the least singular infinite cardinal, (b)).
AC supplies simultaneous witnesses when required (The Axiom of Choice).
Proof
Put and fix the family in F2. Define a continuous strictly increasing . Start with . At a nonzero limit take the supremum of previous values. At stage , for every put , with empty supremum zero. If some with satisfies , record the least such ; otherwise record . Choose to be the least element of strictly above and all recorded ordinals. There are at most records, so F4 makes their supremum less than , and unboundedness of supplies that least point. Limit stages likewise remain below . F5 defines the recursion. Whenever a genuine bound was recorded, transitivity of gives : outside the union of the two comparison-failure sets, the two strict ordinal inequalities compose.
Let . F4 gives . The increasing cofinal enumeration shows . If were cofinal of size less than , send each to the least with . These indices would be unbounded in , contradicting its regularity from F6. Thus . The range of is club in : continuity includes every nonzero limit point below , and its supremum is . By hypothesis choose and a bound . F3 makes club in ; pulling back under the continuous enumeration gives a club in . In detail unboundedness follows from that of , and at a nonzero limit of indices in , continuity of and closure of give membership in . By F2 fix with .
Every prefix supremum now has a strict bound in the chain: it is pointwise at most , and a chain member of index greater than both and is also a strict bound. Thus all its bound questions in step 1.1 were positive. If belong to , then and . The last comparison allows equality when . Hence for all such pairs.
Enumerate continuously as . Its nonaccumulation points other than its first point are exactly for : at a nonzero limit the enumeration is continuous, whereas a successor has previous maximum . Write and . Define by step 3.1. For , , so pointwise, and therefore whenever . In particular is strongly increasing, witnessed by .
To obtain indices in , set . Its index belongs to by step 1.1, and these indices strictly increase with . Since , the chain gives . Put and , both in , and set . For and , one has . The middle inequality is equality if , and is strict by step 4.1 otherwise. Thus the are strongly increasing with witnesses . They form an order-type- subsequence indexed in the arbitrary , proving . Only finite unions of ideal sets were used; the countable finite-ideal specialization follows by taking those sets to be finite. QED.
Depends on
- Strong increase and bounding projections in countable ordinal products
- Club guessing at the double successor of an uncountable regular cardinal
- Intersections of fewer than the cofinality many clubs
- $\operatorname{cf}(\alpha) \le \alpha$; $\operatorname{cf}(0) = 0$ and $\operatorname{cf}(\alpha + 1) = 1$; for a limit ordinal $\lambda$ the value $\operatorname{cf}(\lambda)$ is an infinite cardinal with $\operatorname{cf}(\operatorname{cf}(\lambda)) = \operatorname{cf}(\lambda)$, so it is regular; and every cofinal subset of $\lambda$ has cardinality at least $\operatorname{cf}(\lambda)$, a value that is attained
- Transfinite recursion
- The Axiom of Choice
- $\aleph_0$ is regular in ZF; assuming the Axiom of Choice every successor aleph $\aleph_{\alpha+1}$ is regular; $\operatorname{cf}(\aleph_\omega) = \aleph_0$, so $\aleph_\omega$ is singular, and under choice it is the least singular infinite cardinal
Used by
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Sources
- Abraham and Magidor, Cardinal Arithmetic, Lemma 2.19 pp. 21–23 and Lemma 2.7 pp. 14–15 (standard reference, not scraped)