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A compact smooth knot has a choice-free normal tube
Statement
Let be the image of a compact smooth embedded circle, and let be the Euclidean normal-addition map . There is a real such that restricts to a diffeomorphism from onto an open neighborhood of . Moreover, strongly deformation retracts onto by pushing each nonzero normal vector radially to length . The construction uses only a finite cover of the compact circle and no choice axiom.
Statement references
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A compact smooth embedded circle and its Euclidean normal-addition map.
Normal addition is on the orthogonal normal bundle. The normal addition map for a Euclidean submanifold
At each zero vector , the differential of normal addition is an isomorphism, so the map is a local diffeomorphism near that point. Normal addition is a local diffeomorphism along the zero section
Every open cover of a compact metric space has a positive Lebesgue number: any subset of sufficiently small diameter lies in one member of the cover. Every open cover of a compact metric space has a Lebesgue number: a such that every nonempty subset of diameter less than lies inside a single member of the cover
A deformation retraction consists of a retraction and a homotopy from the identity to inclusion followed by retraction that fixes the retract pointwise. Retractions and deformation retracts, with a deformation retraction required to fix the retract pointwise
Proof
For each , [F2] supplies a local inverse neighborhood for . Form the set of all tuples consisting of a local trivialization, an open base set containing its center, and a radius such that lies in that injectivity neighborhood. These base sets cover . Compactness gives finitely many such tuples whose base sets cover ; their recorded radii have a positive finite minimum . The tuples are collected as a set of all witnesses and only a finite subfamily is extracted, so no point-indexed choice is used.
Apply [F3] to the finite cover of the metric space , obtaining . Choose . If with , then . Thus lies in one , and both and lie in the same recorded neighborhood where is injective; hence . Every point of the radius- tube also lies in one of those local-diffeomorphism neighborhoods, so the restriction is an injective local diffeomorphism.
An injective local diffeomorphism is open and has smooth local inverses that agree on overlaps. Therefore is a diffeomorphism onto its open image , which contains by [F1].
For , define and set for . The normal coordinates are unique by step 3.1, and the formula approaches the identity at , so these clauses paste continuously. It fixes the exterior pointwise and at sends every point in the punctured tube to its radius- boundary. Thus it is a deformation retraction of onto . Only finitely many local neighborhoods and a finite minimum were used.
Depends on
- The normal addition map for a Euclidean submanifold
- Normal addition is a local diffeomorphism along the zero section
- Every open cover of a compact metric space has a Lebesgue number: a $\delta > 0$ such that every nonempty subset of diameter less than $\delta$ lies inside a single member of the cover
- Retractions and deformation retracts, with a deformation retraction required to fix the retract pointwise
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- John Stillwell, Classical Topology and Combinatorial Group Theory, §4.2.4, Wirtinger presentation proof (standard reference, not scraped)
- Cole Charbonneau, Computing the Wirtinger Presentation of a Knot Group from a Knot Diagram, §2 (standard reference, not scraped)