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Compatible normal disk boundary paths have a unique type-preserving switch
Statement
Let be two normal disk types in one tetrahedron, subject to quadrilateral compatibility. Thus if both are quadrilaterals they have the same type. Choose two distinct faces met by both types, and cut each normal boundary word at one point of its arc in and one point of its arc in . Each boundary is divided into two paths from to .
There are two pairings that join one path from to one from at both ends, producing two new closed boundary words. Exactly one pairing gives the original two normal disk boundary types, as an unordered pair, up to cyclic rotation and reversal of the words. The other pairing has a word crossing some tetrahedral edge at least twice and therefore cannot give those two normal types.
The conclusion concerns the finite boundary words and type counts in the original tetrahedron. It does not assert that arbitrary surface intersections already have the geometric regular-position or partial-switching properties.
Statement references
Normal-surface coordinates and the Haken cone — the four triangle and three quadrilateral types.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A tetrahedron with vertices , compatible types and two distinct common faces.
A triangle has cyclic edge word . A quadrilateral has cyclic edge word . Relabeling the vertices gives all seven types. Consecutive edge symbols specify the intervening triangular face. (Normal-surface coordinates and the Haken cone)
A normal disk boundary crosses each of its indicated edges once and every other edge zero times. A boundary word containing an edge twice is therefore not any normal triangle or quadrilateral word. (Normal-surface coordinates and the Haken cone)
Proof
For each disk, the two cut paths partition its cyclic list of edge symbols. To form a new word, follow its chosen -to- path and then the reverse of the chosen -to- path of the other disk. Once the paths paired in one output have been chosen, the two remaining paths must be paired in the second. Thus there are exactly two pairings. We now check the compatible type cases. The edge sets displayed below also inherit their orders from [F1], so their concatenations determine the indicated cyclic words.
If the two types are equal, their two path edge sets are the same nonempty complementary sets . Pairing with in each output recovers the original word twice. Pairing with and with repeats every edge in the corresponding nonempty set, so [F2] excludes that pairing. This covers equal triangles and equal quadrilaterals, for every pair of common faces, including the two-edge paths between opposite faces of a quadrilateral boundary.
For distinct triangles, relabel so they are . Their common faces are exactly . The paths of have edge sets and ; those of have and . Pair the singleton in one disk with the two-edge path of the other. The resulting words are and . The other pairing repeats in one output, so is excluded by [F2].
For a triangle and quadrilateral, relabel them . If the common faces are , their common edge is avoided by the quadrilateral. The triangle paths have edge sets and ; the quadrilateral paths have and . Pair with the quadrilateral's , giving . The remaining two paths concatenate in the order , giving the same quadrilateral. The other pairing joins the two copies of in one output, repeating both edges, and is excluded.
The other common-face pairs are and , whose common edges are crossed by the quadrilateral. Interchanging identifies these two cases, so consider . The triangle paths have and ; the quadrilateral paths have and . Pair the singleton from the triangle with the three-edge path of the quadrilateral, giving the quadrilateral word up to reversal. Pair the two-edge triangle path with the other singleton, giving . The other pairing repeats , so is excluded. Vertex relabeling covers any other triangle–quadrilateral pair.
The allowed pairs consist of equal types, distinct triangles, and a triangle with a quadrilateral; distinct quadrilateral types were excluded in the hypothesis. Steps 2.1–2.4 cover them all and prove both existence and uniqueness of the type-preserving pairing, with the stated repeated-edge obstruction for its alternative. All lists and relabelings are finite and refer to the original seven types.
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Sources
- Wolfgang Haken, Theorie der Normalflächen: Ein Isotopiekriterium für den Kreisknoten, Acta Mathematica105 (1961),245–375 (standard reference, not scraped)