How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced — the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted — a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
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These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
A set of content zero has measure zero
Statement
If has content zero (Measure zero (a countable cover by intervals of total length below every ) and content zero (a finite such cover)) then has measure zero.
The converse is false in general, and true for compact sets (For a compact subset of , measure zero and content zero coincide); the witness for its failure is named in the remarks below.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A set of content zero and a real .
has content zero when for every real there are and reals with and ; is null when for every real there are sequences with the analogous properties and for every (Measure zero (a countable cover by intervals of total length below every ) and content zero (a finite such cover)).
is an interval of length , and has length for (Intervals of : the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length).
Finite sums: for , a sum of nonnegative terms is nonnegative and is monotone in the number of nonnegative terms adjoined, and whenever and the terms are nonnegative (Finite sums and finite products, by recursion, Laws of finite sums and finite products, Series, partial sums, convergence and the sum, divergence, and the tail series).
Ordered-field arithmetic: adding a nonnegative quantity does not decrease a value, and the order is transitive (Order is preserved by adding a constant and by adding inequalities, Ordered field, Complete ordered field (least-upper-bound property)). These order-arithmetic facts are stated by their sources for the strict order only; the nonstrict forms used below follow by adjoining the equality case, in which the two sides coincide.
Proof
Let the real be given; since has content zero, [L1] supplies and reals with and .
Extend the finite list to sequences by putting and for ; then for every , the added intervals have length by [L2], and .
For every one has : all the terms are nonnegative by [L2], so for the sum is at most by [L3] and step 1.1, and for the sum equals plus a sum of terms all equal to , hence is again at most , by [L3] and [L4].
So for every real there is a sequence of closed intervals covering with every partial total length at most , which by [L1] is exactly the statement that has measure zero.
Remarks
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All that is used is that a finite list can be padded. The definition of measure zero asks for a sequence, and a finite family becomes one at the cost of degenerate intervals, which are intervals of length (Intervals of : the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length). No estimate is involved and no completeness of is used.
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The implication is strict. is null and bounded and does not have content zero (FALSE: every set of measure zero has content zero, has measure zero and not content zero, although it is bounded ↗), so the two notions are genuinely different even for bounded sets. What closes the gap is compactness, not boundedness (For a compact subset of , measure zero and content zero coincide).
Depends on
- Measure zero (a countable cover by intervals of total length below every $\varepsilon$) and content zero (a finite such cover)
- Finite sums and finite products, by recursion
- Laws of finite sums and finite products
- Series, partial sums, convergence and the sum, divergence, and the tail series
- Intervals of $\mathbb{R}$: the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length
- Complete ordered field (least-upper-bound property)
- Ordered field
- Order is preserved by adding a constant and by adding inequalities
Used by
- FALSE: every set of measure zero has content zero False statement
- FALSE: in the substitution theorem the continuity of f may be weakened to integrability, f∘φ still being integrable False statement
- What this page costs in choice: Riemann's criterion, the Darboux-Riemann equivalence and integrability of a monotone function are theorems of ZF; integrability of a continuous function inherits the single use of countable choice inside Heine-Cantor; and only the forward half of the Lebesgue criterion spends countable choice, once, at the countable union of null sets Remark
- For a compact subset of ℝ, measure zero and content zero coincide Theorem
- Lebesgue's criterion for Riemann integrability: a bounded f on [a,b] is Riemann integrable if and only if its set of discontinuities has measure zero Theorem
- The Cantor set is compact, perfect, uncountable, nowhere dense and of measure zero, and it contains no interval of positive length, so its only nonempty connected subsets are single points Theorem
Dependency tree · next 3 levels
Direct dependencies and their dependencies through the next three levels: 54 results over 14 levels. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, and this result sits at the bottom with a heavier outline. Click the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Jordan measure (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Null set (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
- MIT 18.125, Homework 2: Measure-zero sets (standard reference, not scraped)