How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Equal normal vectors have ambient cell homeomorphisms and disk-copy products
Statement
Two embedded normal surfaces with the same normal vector in a finite simplicial triangulation are carried to one another by a finite PL homeomorphism of the ambient manifold preserving every simplex setwise.
Consequently, if are disjoint connected normal disks with the same vector, they cobound a parametrized PL product . Its two end disks are , its vertical boundary is in , and it contains no original triangulation vertex. Its interval fibers remain in their original ambient simplex. The assertion concerns the supplied PL triangulation, not an arbitrary topological marking or a smooth extension problem.
Statement references
Finite piecewise linear Schoenflies in dimension three — finite sphere parameters supply the two balls cut off by a proper disk in a parametrized ball.
Parametrized piecewise linear balls absorb standard boundary windows — marked disk complements and finite boundary-map extensions of parametrized balls.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The finite triangulation and the two equal-vector normal surfaces, or the two disks in the consequence.
Equal vectors determine the same ordered edge-point counts, the same face-arc pairings after matching those points, and the same tetrahedral boundary circles and disk types. (Compatible normal vectors admit regular sum diagrams in the original triangulation)
Finite simple polygonal curves in a polygonal disk or standard polyhedral sphere separate it into the stated disk regions, and prescribed PL boundary maps extend over parametrized polygonal disks. (Polygonal Jordan curve theorem: a polygon has exactly two complementary regions and is the frontier of each, Every simple polygon admits a triangulation, Parametrized piecewise linear balls absorb standard boundary windows)
A finite PL embedding of a parametrized sphere in standard bounds a parametrized PL ball. Prescribed maps of parametrized ball boundaries extend over the balls by coning compatible boundary triangulations in their convex models. (Finite piecewise linear Schoenflies in dimension three, Parametrized piecewise linear balls absorb standard boundary windows)
Proof
First note the proper-disk cutting fact. Transfer a parametrized three-ball to a convex model, and let be a properly embedded PL disk in it. Its boundary separates into two parametrized disk caps by [F2]. Each is a parametrized PL sphere: glue two disk parameters along their specified boundary identification and cone compatible boundary subdivisions. By [F3] it bounds a parametrized ball . The bounded side is contained in , since the connected exterior of the convex ball is disjoint from that sphere and is on its unbounded side. Moreover : points of the other open cap are not on its sphere and have neighbors in the exterior of , so lie on its exterior side. The two balls have disjoint interiors. Indeed the interior of is connected and misses ; near the open cap it lies outside , so it lies outside throughout. Finally they fill : local half-ball charts along and the two opposite sides of show that their union is a neighborhood of its points relative to ; any omitted component would be open and closed in the connected ball. The local charts here are finite PL charts, obtained by coning the polygonal link arcs or circles and their complementary disks, as in [F2]. Thus cutting along gives these two supplied balls. Iterating proves that a disjoint finite proper-disk arrangement cuts into parametrized balls.
Match the two surfaces' points in each edge in their linear order [F1], and extend the match to an increasing PL self-homeomorphism of that edge fixing its endpoints. On each triangular face choose the arc correspondence of [F1]. The disjoint proper arcs cut the face into polygonal disks. Map corresponding arcs by PL interval maps matching their prescribed endpoints; these maps and the edge maps prescribe each complementary disk's boundary homeomorphism. Extend it by [F2] and paste. The result is a PL self-homeomorphism of every face, carrying the arc system to its counterpart and agreeing on shared edges.
Fix a tetrahedron. Its prescribed boundary homeomorphism in step 1.2 matches its normal-disk boundary circles. Choose a PL map of each disk to its counterpart extending that boundary map, by [F2]. Cut each of the two disk arrangements into parametrized balls by step 1.1. Their incidence trees correspond: on the boundary sphere the same matched circles have the same complementary regions, and cutting off one disk splits one region into two. The already prescribed boundary and disk maps therefore give a PL homeomorphism of each cut ball's entire boundary to that of its counterpart. Use their ball parameters and [F3] to extend across each cut ball. These extensions agree along the disk sheets and give a PL homeomorphism of the tetrahedron carrying its disk arrangement to the other and realizing its prescribed face map.
Do this in every tetrahedron. Their face maps were already identical on identified faces, so the resulting maps and their inverses paste to a finite PL homeomorphism of preserving every simplex and carrying the first normal surface to the second. All constructions used only finite subdivisions and conings of supplied disks and balls. In particular step 2.1 did not presume that arbitrary PL disk replacements were ambient isotopies; their required ambient ball maps were actually constructed using [F3].
For the consequence, take one normal disk with the common vector. It has a finite normal product collar. To construct it, first choose sufficiently small parallel face-arc families with their matching edge intervals. Extend these prescribed boundaries over the parallel standard disk prisms in each tetrahedron; the preceding relative disk, face and ball extension constructions make the finitely many prism parameters agree with the face parameters. Their transverse interval labels can be chosen consistently on : choose one sign in one chart and propagate through a finite disk triangulation; the only possible inconsistency would reverse the sign around a loop, whereas every loop on the disk contracts through its triangles, on each of which the local product labels agree. This gives the product of that disk with the common labeled interval, including the boundary half-space charts, where its vertical boundary stays in . Its width can be chosen smaller than the positive separation from the finite vertex set. Its fibers stay in the ambient simplex of their central point. Denote its two end disks by . Their union has vector , as does . By step 3.1 an ambient simplex-preserving PL homeomorphism carries one union to the other, matching its connected components up to permutation. Transport the supplied product by that map or its inverse. It is the asserted vertex-free finite PL product between , with the required vertical boundary and fiber incidence.
Depends on
- Compatible normal vectors admit regular sum diagrams in the original triangulation
- Finite piecewise linear Schoenflies in dimension three
- Parametrized piecewise linear balls absorb standard boundary windows
- Polygonal Jordan curve theorem: a polygon has exactly two complementary regions and is the frontier of each
- Every simple polygon admits a triangulation
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
20 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Jeffrey L. Tollefson, Normal surface Q-theory, Pacific Journal of Mathematics 183 (1998), 359–374 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Wolfgang Haken, Theorie der Normalflächen: Ein Isotopiekriterium für den Kreisknoten, Acta Mathematica105 (1961),245–375 (standard reference, not scraped)