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Actual weighted nodal CR gluing and continuous linear kernels
Statement
Let be a stable marked nodal curve with the disk-component and boundary-label conventions of def-gts-stable-j-holomorphic-disks-with-boundary-markings. Use either its smooth-boundary branch with a continuous smooth trace bundle, or the explicit weighted corner extension specified below. The latter is a corrected moduli problem, not an assertion that the original everywhere-smooth ordinary-Sobolev corner interface already defined it. It is supplied with an actual smooth local universal plumbing family, one complex coordinate at each interior node (), one real nonnegative smoothing parameter at each boundary node, smooth remaining parameters, and fixed cylindrical ends. Write for this finite-dimensional local domain-parameter space and . Let be a compact smooth tame almost-complex target of real dimension , and let be the nodal solution. On each disk boundary arc with label , sections have boundary trace in .
For some fixed , the smooth-boundary branch uses finite-chart spaces on each compact normalization component. In the corner branch supply the fixed-asymptote or prescribed clean moving-asymptote data, positive admissible spectral cuts, capping matrices and weighted spaces of def-gts-capped-weighted-label-changing-corner-data at every genuine label-changing mark. Arbitrary embedded label pairs are allowed at a fixed asymptote; clean intersection is required only for the claimed unrestricted smooth moving-asymptote chart. An explicitly prescribed smooth submanifold of the intersection is allowed as a declared restriction. All corner marks remain separate from nodes, persist without collision or relabeling, and have uniform spectral/coefficient bounds on the local family. Matching at nodes still means equality of limiting values. The corner topology is the weighted topology on persistent corner ends, together with the original graph topology away from those ends and the given finite domain/asymptote/forcing coordinates. It does not assert automatic positive exponential decay of every finite-energy or graph-near solution. Let be a finite-dimensional real obstruction space and a smooth linear equivariant forcing supported away from nodes. Impose fixed core incidence constraints at distinct smooth-core marked points, where each is a smooth real codimension-two submanifold met transversely by . Temporary transverse intersections used only to stabilize components are separate data and are smoothly recovered. Dependence on these recovered intersections is allowed. At assume its actual augmented vertical linearization, on matched sections satisfying the boundary and fixed incidence conditions together with , is onto. The fixed incidence conditions have codimension .
Let denote the real Cauchy--Riemann operator on each normalization component with its stated boundary condition, and let be their direct sum restricted to sections whose values match at all nodes. If and are the numbers of interior and boundary nodes, respectively, its index is For a closed component, ; for a smooth-boundary disk component it is , with the smooth-pair conjugate-double degree. For a component with corners it is , where is the degree of the explicitly capped smooth pair and is the real dimension of its prescribed moving-asymptote parameters. Fixed asymptotes contribute zero to . Here includes these asymptote tangent variables. No conjugate double of discontinuous old trace planes is used.
Then the thickened regular solution locus is open in the stated branch topology and is locally a product of the given domain base with a finite-dimensional kernel ball, with local coordinates consisting of the domain parameters and the kernel of that actual augmented derivative. Its dimension is Projection to the domain base and is a topological submersion. The actual weighted residual, uniformly bounded right inverses, quadratic estimate and inverse-gluing statements are proved below; none is an additional hypothesis. The construction supplies determinant-line exact-sequence isomorphisms. It does not orient bordered determinant lines; coherent orientations require additional boundary orientation data and are treated separately. No differentiability in at zero is asserted.
The linear version holds for a complex bundle on the given plumbing family with smooth core transition functions and fixed holomorphic matching frames on the node fixtures: if its central matched Cauchy--Riemann operator is onto, the construction gives uniformly bounded right inverses and a continuous basis of holomorphic kernels through all partial nodal strata. In the smooth branch these are ordinary smooth sections; in the corner branch they are smooth away from the marks and belong to the declared weighted spaces, with the capping comparison and asymptote parameters just specified. This branch does not require a compact total-space target. The theorem assumes the specified family, not a compactification or atlas existence theorem.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Full AC and exactly the data and hypotheses of the Statement.
Bordered CR Fredholm index, boundary regularity and evaluation obstructions supplies its smooth-boundary realization only, and Closed-surface real Cauchy–Riemann index and smooth adjoint obstructions gives the actual arbitrary-bundle compact CR index, weak regularity and finite-dimensional cokernel. Its finite-codimension node/constraint modification is proved below. Cauchy–Riemann similarity and unique continuation under countable choice gives actual continuation from an open core for the real linear system.
Plancherel theorem and Bounded inverse theorem give the precise Fourier norm and inverse bounds; Fredholm index is stable under compact perturbations applies to the explicitly compact errors.
Boundary small-energy gradient control along a compact totally real submanifold supplies the actual one-sided boundary small-energy gradient estimate. Interior small-energy gradient control for almost complex maps and Local higher derivative bounds for almost complex maps with bounded first derivative give the actual local epsilon and differentiated CR estimates. The small-image cylinder estimate and graph Caccioppoli argument are proved below.
Spectral-cut cappings and weighted label-changing corners specifies the changed corner objects/topology. General totally real corner cappings and weighted Fredholm configurations proves the general totally real matrix-logarithm capping, arbitrary-forcing strip inverse, global capped Fredholm/index/range comparison and fixed/moving corner Banach charts. The smooth bordered Fredholm supplier is Bordered CR Fredholm index, boundary regularity and evaluation obstructions. These are exact prerequisites, not an assumed clean-intersection theorem for all labels.
Full AC is required through the closed-surface Fredholm supplier [F1], used for the matched nodal realization and its kernel/cokernel. The Axiom of Choice
The supplementary local analytic components below contain the full retained smooth-boundary strip, same-label energy/graph, separated-cutoff and determinant arguments, including the quantitative tangential bootstrap. They are actual parts of this proposed proof; their historical research-file identities are provenance, not external theorem assumptions.
The disk-component and boundary-label conventions invoked in the Statement are those of Stable J-holomorphic disks with boundary markings: both branches of a boundary node carry the same Lagrangian label and have equal limiting values. Genuine label changes occur at the separately specified markings, not at the nodes being smoothed. Thus boundary node differences take values in the one common tangent space of real dimension , and the local symplectic primitive can be chosen to vanish on that same .
Proof
The original ordinary-Sobolev arbitrary-label formulation had an undefined Maslov bundle and is not claimed proved unchanged. The Statement now separates its retained smooth-boundary graph branch from the fully specified weighted corner extension. The persistent corner ends are never among the necks being glued.
Use periodic cylindrical ends only at interior nodes, retaining the same-label node convention [F6]. At a same-label boundary node use the half-annulus , , . Choose a smooth real frame of the boundary TL, extend it complex-linearly by J, and fix the same endpoint frame on both branches. The section trace is real on both strip edges, and the principal normalized operator is d/ds+i*d/dt with O(exp(-s)) zeroth-order coefficient and all fixed derivative bounds. At interior nodes the frame and angular period are the original complex ones. Fixed forcing/incidence/recovered-intersection terms stay on the core. At a genuine label-changing marking use the separate persistent spectral-cut end and capped pair of [F4]. It supplies its own two edge planes; it does not identify them as one continuous old boundary plane.
Fix integer k≥6 and , to be decreased below. A nodal section has a common limiting value on the two branches of each node, and norm equal to the sum of , the ordinary core norm, and on each end. Add the Euclidean E norm. The target consists of cylindrical form coefficients in weighted , with no constant component. All norms use finitely many smooth cutoffs and hence define Hilbert spaces. On a smoothed neck of length 6S, put ; subtract the middle-section mean ξ(3S,t) at an interior neck, and its real spectral zero mode Re ξ(3S,t) at a boundary neck, in its zero-order norm and add |a|². Near the two attachments use the same core norm as before. Changing a within a bounded distance of the middle changes these norms by uniformly bounded factors, by integrating with the weight. Persistent nodes retain the nodal norm. Add the fixed weighted corner-end norms and finite moving-asymptote coordinates of [F4] as separate summands. Corner weights may differ from the node weight chosen below and never vary with a neck length.
On an interior full cylinder the usual weighted Fourier symbol itau+j-delta gives the inverse. On a real node strip, use the REAL Hilbert spectral basis exp(-ijt)v, j integer, v real, for id/dt with real endpoint traces. Its completeness follows by L2 conjugate reflection, and its eigenvalues are j. The weighted inverse has multiplier ; for the gap and first-derivative quotient give H1 solvability for every L2 target. For an ordinary target, tangential s difference quotients commute with the equation and preserve real traces. The equation recovers all remaining normal derivatives inductively. Thus the actual inverse is without a false high-order forcing reflection condition. A finite s-endpoint collar extension uses real Vandermonde coefficients and bounded ordinary weak derivatives; fixed cutoff commutators are compact core errors.
On a compact core chart the same Fourier inverse for a frozen complex principal part, with a high-frequency cutoff, is a first-order parametrix. The low-frequency error is smoothing. After choosing complex source and target frames, coefficient changes in the principal symbol are removed by the smooth complex frame rather than incorrectly called compact first-order perturbations. Partitioning the finite core charts and the ends, the commutators have order zero. Their composition with the first-order inverse gains one derivative; on a compact support, Fourier truncation followed by finite chart cutoffs approximates this inclusion in operator norm by finite-rank operators. Thus these errors are compact. The end coefficient is a compact multiplication : truncate the end, use the same Fourier compactness on the finite part, and bound the remaining operator norm by . Constants and finite matching/incidence conditions add only finite-dimensional spaces and finite-codimension constraints. The resulting two-sided parametrix proves that the actual nodal augmented operator is Fredholm. This is the proof of the weighted end assertion, not an invocation of Lockhart–McOwen.
For smooth boundary bundles use the bordered CR Fredholm/evaluation supplier, and the closed supplier on closed components. Node difference evaluation Delta is onto the direct sum V of at interior nodes and at boundary nodes; disjoint smooth real-boundary or interior cutoff lifts R realize it. In the splitting ker Delta plus imR, P-PRDelta is the restricted matched operator plus a finite-dimensional zero operator, so ind ind . Weighted solutions have continuous limits by their tail norms, extend weakly without a puncture atom, and are smooth one-sided by tangential boundary estimates or the closed estimates. Smooth matched sections have O(exp(-s)) remainder, hence belong to every space. Smooth compact targets span the weighted finite cokernel by cutoff approximation; injectivity follows from the weak extension/regularity argument. The incidence constraints and E augmentation are the same finite blocks. For a component with genuine corner ends, use instead the global Fredholm/index and higher-range realization of [F4]; add exactly its prescribed asymptote tangent variables. No ordinary removable-smoothness assertion is made there. The finite node lifts are on disjoint smooth patches away from corners and hence remain onto. The central regularity hypothesis is now the actual derivative on these specified branch spaces, so it gives a bounded central weighted right inverse in either branch.
Write and include its argument in the identification of the second angular coordinate. On the first end retain to , in a same-label boundary chart straightening L to its real tangent plane (and an ordinary target chart for an interior node), cut the coordinate remainder of smoothly to zero on [S−1,S], and set the map equal to the node value p for S≤s≤5S. Do the symmetric construction at the other end. The y-varying complex structure equals the original cylindrical one on all these ends. Write this map as . Its class is exactly the sum of the original component classes: collapse the new annulus to the node and use its contractible target coordinate ball to homotope the cutoffs, so the integral fundamental cycles agree, including torsion. Every subsequent exponential-chart correction is homotopic on the fixed smoothed source to . In the linear-bundle branch, use a connection flat in the fixed matching node frames; its curvature is on the core, so the degree is likewise unchanged under smoothing. Its derivatives, and the corresponding parallel transports, are uniformly bounded in core and unit-cylinder charts. Smoothness of at the node gives, for every needed fixed derivative order, an error bounded by before cutoff. Therefore This is the actual weighted residual. The forcing is zero in every cutoff region. Terms coming from the finite core and varying incidence intersections are O(|y|). All statements below are uniform when any subset of the remains zero.
Let for the FULL E-augmented operator. Projection of K to E is B. Since on sections plus E' is onto, : cancel the derivative of any e∈E by a section and an element of E'. Choose E''⊂E' with . Finitely many section evaluations on the fixed core detect ker(K→E). Indeed a kernel section with zero e, vanishing on the entire core, vanishes on each end by uniqueness for the first-order equation, or by the actual unique-continuation supplier. A finite-dimensional descending-kernel argument chooses finitely many evaluations which already detect it. Together with linear E coordinates they define a map from the section-plus-E space to W with an isomorphism. Arrange E part to vanish on E'' and its remaining coordinates to be core evaluations.
restricts to an isomorphism ker . Its inverse has E component in E': solve first in sections plus E', then subtract the unique kernel element with the same value, choosing the E-coordinate part as in step 7.1. Equivalently choose the core evaluations and the B projection in so that the resulting complement lies in sections plus E'. More explicitly, split , with and projection an isomorphism; choose with E''⊂E', project an input's E coordinate onto B, and subtract its lift. On the remaining input, choose core evaluations dual to after this subtraction. The complement then has E component in E''⊂E'. The bounded inverse theorem gives .
Preglue κ∈K by cutting its exponentially convergent remainders to the shared node value, with fixed cutoffs supported near S and 5S. Call the result . Then and The finite coordinate uses the same core evaluations and E projections, so EXACTLY. The norms on K and its image are uniformly comparable because the core evaluation map is fixed. Here κ is smooth at every node branch by 5.1, which is why the node-cutoff error has exponent 1. It need not be ordinary smooth at a separate genuine corner mark. Pregluing leaves its entire persistent corner tail and asymptote coordinates untouched.
To build a right inverse on the smoothing, first break a target forcing at using complementary fixed-width cutoffs, multiply each half by a smooth cutoff flat at its support boundary, then extend it by zero down its normalized end, and transport to the original target bundle. Apply . Transport its section back to the preglued target bundle. If its two nodal-end expressions are and , glue them by retaining to near 4S, retaining from near 2S, and adding BOTH remainders in the overlap. Cut off only near 4S and only near 2S. The shared constant a is counted once. The E component is unchanged. This yields an operator with image in ker and E component in E', and .
The separated cutoffs are essential. At the cutoff of near 4S, its nodal weight is , whereas the smoothed-neck weight is at most . Thus each differentiated cutoff term has norm at most broken η||. The same bound holds at the opposite cutoff. The differentiated target-breaking cutoffs do not occur in : already solves the broken forcing equation, and the two broken target forcings sum to the original forcing throughout the central overlap. Away from it, the absent half is zero. The base-complex-structure comparison contributes C|y|; flattening and parallel transport contribute . For decaying section remainders the bound is times their weighted norm; for their limiting constants integrate the actual coefficient against , giving . This constant-mode contribution must not be incorrectly bounded by . Consequently All estimates are obtained by the product rule in the given charts; there is no derivative of the unknown gluing parameter in this operator norm. For sufficiently small (q,y), the right side is .
Set by the norm-convergent Neumann series. It has uniform bound, image in ker Lq, and E component in Eprime. Smooth boundary gluing decreases summed Euler characteristic by one per real node and preserves the sum of boundary-double clutching degrees on trivial matching fixtures. Interior gluing decreases it by two. Thus the smooth index change is -m per boundary node and -2m per interior node, precisely the constrained central index; add the same E and subtract the same2ell incidence block. Surjectivity and equality of index make kernel dimension dim K. Decompose x+(x-QD x). Since Lq kills imQ and is onto W, it maps kerDq onto W; equal dimensions make this an isomorphism and . This proves the actual complement rather than only claiming it. In the corner branch the capping fixtures and asymptote spaces lie away from the smoothing fixtures and are unchanged. Their capped degrees and finite-dimensional contributions therefore persist in exactly the same index comparison by [F4].
Choose a smooth SOURCE-dependent target metric making each fixed incidence slice totally geodesic near . The finitely many marked source neighborhoods are disjoint even when some target images coincide, so a source partition joins these metrics to one fixed metric elsewhere and on all node ends. Such a metric is constructed in a submanifold tubular chart as the product metric and then extended. Use its pointwise exponential as the section chart. Use the separate edge-dependent corner charts from [F4] on persistent corner ends and patch only on fixed compact transition strips. All node-neck estimates remain unchanged, and the corner coefficients have the uniform bounds of [F4]. This avoids assuming that arbitrary incidence slices with coincident target images are simultaneously totally geodesic for one metric. The exponential-chart constraint is then the linear finite normal condition at each fixed . A varying incidence slice can first be straightened by its smooth finite-dimensional normal coordinate map. Separately, each temporary transverse intersection used only to stabilize the domain is a unique smooth function of the section near its reference point: evaluation and first derivatives are continuous for , and the ordinary finite-dimensional inverse theorem applies with a uniformly invertible transverse derivative. These are finite core constructions with uniform derivative bounds.
The following norm calculus is uniform in S. Cover the core finitely, and cover each cylinder by overlapping unit patches with multiplicity bounded independently of its length. On a unit patch the weight and its reciprocal vary by at most . The Fourier Cauchy–Schwarz inequality gives there, with one uniform constant; convolution plus this inequality gives the usual product bounds. Subtracting the node constants separates their finite-dimensional part from weighted decaying remainders. Summing squares over the patches proves the weighted products , and uniform control from , for k≥6. Every nonlinear term in the Cauchy–Riemann expression contains a derivative of the section or map, or is a forcing on the fixed compact core; a pure constant on a long neck is therefore never integrated against an increasing weight. The derivatives of have uniformly bounded weighted norm by .
Let be the parallel-transported thickened equation in these exponential coordinates, including the smooth recovered-intersection functions. Its derivative at zero is . Differentiate the smooth finite-dimensional coefficients of exp, its inverse transport, J, and λ. Each second derivative term has either two section factors times a uniformly weighted derivative of , or a section factor times a derivative of another section, or is compactly supported forcing. Applying 14.1 and the fundamental theorem in the segment from ξ to η gives with C independent of every neck length. The same proof includes the finite E coordinate. The persistent corner summands and their moving-asymptote variables satisfy the same weighted quadratic estimate by [F4]; their coordinate bounds are independent of the node neck lengths. All norms here are the actual spaces in 2.1; this supplies the missing quadratic estimate instead of assuming it.
On the affine space Q, solve by the map ξ↦ξ−QF(ξ). Its derivative in im Q differs from zero by at most C||Q||||ξ||. Choose a fixed radius r with this bound below 1/2. By 6.1 and 9.1, if |q|,|y|,||κ|| are sufficiently small, the map sends the r-ball about into itself. The complete-space contraction proof gives one and only one solution in that ball, with It satisfies . Because im Q has E component in E', its E/E' coordinate is EXACTLY the E/E' coordinate of κ plus . Since , the linear map κ→e mod E' is onto. This already proves injectivity and the claimed projection formula for the prospective chart.
For interior necks use the closed small-image loop action estimate. For same-label boundary necks choose a local symplectic primitive theta with theta restricted to TL zero. Subtract an exact primitive vanishing on L to arrange for each vertical arc. Then |integral , and Stokes has no horizontal-edge term. Tameness gives Aprime(r), hence exp(-c(R-r))(b(-R)+b(R)). This is an open-arc action proof, not an incorrect loop Parseval assertion. On fixed half-patches apply the actual boundary small-energy gradient estimate. The proposed quantitative smooth-boundary tangential bootstrap differentiates , whose unforced equation is homogeneous in du; after the gradient bound it gives on a smaller patch, retaining the square-root exponential energy factor. Normal derivatives are recovered from the equation. Thus choose delta less than the actual as well as1. The detailed tangential bootstrap in the supplementary components proves these estimates at each required finite order; no smooth nonlinear reflection is used.
Suppose actual solution tuples converge in the stated branch topology to , including their finite E and auxiliary intersection coordinates, and their family parameters tend to zero. They converge smoothly on every compact normalized core. Here is the required local estimate rather than an appeal to an unspecified Schwarz lemma. On a sufficiently small core patch, the inhomogeneous equation is the holomorphic graph equation for (z,u(z)) in the target patch×X with block almost-complex structure with the sign chosen for the convention ∂bar . Directly, the graph equation is equivalent to that convention. A form Nσ+ω tames J~ for a uniform large N on this compact patch. In linear coordinates around a graph point freeze J~ and use its constant taming form. For a cutoff χ, Stokes gives the Caccioppoli estimate when its image lies in a sufficiently small ball: write the constant primitive centered at that point, move the cutoff derivative onto it, and absorb C osc(v)∫χ|dχ||dv| by Young. Coefficient closeness absorbs the remaining principal error. Shrink the core patch so the limiting graph oscillation is arbitrarily small; graph convergence gives the same for nearby maps. At a boundary patch use the autonomous compact graph-target construction in supplementary component F, whose fixed totally real boundary meets the exact boundary epsilon supplier hypotheses. The epsilon estimate and the proved tangential higher-Sobolev bootstrap therefore give uniform derivative bounds on a smaller patch. Arzelà–Ascoli identifies each subsequential smooth limit with by the given graph convergence. This proves smooth convergence of the entire sequence on each fixed core.
On each long neck the forcing is zero and graph convergence makes the whole image lie in a small ball around its limiting node value. Choose a fixed large end depth ; the boundary derivative norms there converge to those of and are . Apply 17.1 on the remaining cylinder. Decrease δ below μ. With , integrating the exponential estimates against the weight in 2.1 gives a tail bound ≤C plus a quantity tending to zero with the boundary data and parameters. On the compact part smoothly by 18.1; its middle-circle constants tend to zero by graph convergence. In the corner branch the remainder and finite-asymptote coordinates on persistent corner ends converge in their specified weighted norms by the branch topology itself. Thus this step uses no assertion that compact-graph convergence alone controls a corner weight. First let i→∞ and then . Thus . Persisting nodal ends obey the same half-cylinder limit, obtained by letting the far endpoint tend to infinity and using removable smoothness.
Define . Uniform boundedness gives , and lies in ker Q. The uniqueness in 16.1 therefore identifies this actual solution with the constructed one. The image of every parameter neighborhood consequently contains a neighborhood of the base solution. The use of sequences is legitimate here: on the specified proper local domain family the graph topology is metrizable, using a fixed target embedding and the Hausdorff metric on compact graphs, together with finite family, E and auxiliary intersection coordinates. When intersections are recovered in the chosen local branch, these are precisely the coordinates recorded by the full tuple graphs in the atlas application. Rigidification fixes domain automorphisms; equality of graphs in a fixed fiber is equality of maps.
The construction is continuous, including across partial nodal strata. For nonzero limiting q, identify the finite cylinders by their smooth coordinates and use the contraction comparison estimate. When a limiting q is zero, preglue the fixed limiting solution at that new neck; its smooth end tail gives precisely the residual in 2.1. All right inverses, projections and nonlinear estimates remain uniformly bounded by the estimates in steps 10.1–16.1, and their values on a fixed compact core converge. Comparing the fixed-point equations yields convergence in on the whole curve and on every fixed core. These are graph convergence away from persistent corner ends. On each persistent corner end, broken targets and kernel pregluing are unchanged there; convergence on a fixed core and the uniform corner parametrix in [F4] give convergence in its fixed weighted norm when the input coordinates converge. Indeed split the correction equation into the fixed corner end and its compact attachment. The end inverse bounds the output difference by the weighted forcing difference and the attachment difference; both tend to zero, and the nonlinear difference is absorbed using the same small quadratic constant. This is precisely the asserted combined corner topology. No claim of differentiability with respect to q at is made or needed.
A continuous injective map from a finite-dimensional ball to a Hausdorff space which maps every neighborhood of its center onto a neighborhood of its image is a local homeomorphism. Restrict first to a closed smaller ball: the continuous injection from a compact space is a homeomorphism onto its image. Choose an open neighborhood of the image center contained in the image of the open ball, using the just-proved neighborhood property, and restrict. Apply this to (q,y,κ)↦the solution of step 16.1. This proves the local manifold and, using its exact linear projection formula, the topological submersion. The same estimates with perturbed regular base solution prove openness of regularity; equivalently the existing uniform right inverse persists under a sufficiently small operator-norm perturbation in these charts.
For either declared branch the actual node sequence is 0 ker Dmatch direct sum ker V coker Dmatch direct sum coker 0. The connecting map is v [P Rv] for the onto difference lift Delta ; changing R alters it by a matched image. Cancelling ordered lifted quotient bases gives det tensor . The real node map is with lift(0,w), and the diagonal/lift matrix [[I,0],[I,I]] has determinant+1. To compare smoothing, choose one finite supported core forcing W making the central operator onto. The uniform complement construction identifies augmented kernels continuously by kappa , whose core coordinate is unchanged. The exact sequence 0 ker Dq ker(Dq+W) W coker Dq 0 identifies det Dq with det ker(Dq+W) tensor det . Cancel the SAME ordered W basis before and after smoothing. Enlarging W cancels identical added blocks, and changing lifts is triangular determinant-one; compare arbitrary choices by their common direct sum and complement homotopy. Eliminating two node differences in either order gives the same wedge cancellation with the graded factor interchange. This supplies the proposed smoothing-compatible determinant transport for smooth boundary conditions and the linear-bundle branch. It does not orient real determinant factors without separate boundary orientation data. The corner factors use the actual capped/weighted Fredholm realizations of [F4], whose fixed asymptote/cut data persist throughout. No orientation of a moving-asymptote determinant or of a boundary-label family is supplied without the separately declared orientation data.
Remarks
Historical source evidence records reading the saved Pardon Appendix B; this continuation independently checked the local arguments and exact item suppliers, and does not claim a fresh reading of that Appendix. The explicit Fourier end proof replaces its external Lockhart–McOwen input. The corrected result supplies actual local analysis over a given family in its explicitly stated branch topology and does not by itself supply determinant orientations, global domain compactness or a virtual class. The determinant exact-sequence isomorphisms constructed here do not choose orientations of bordered determinant lines; a coherent orientation requires additional boundary orientation data and its compatibility under the node maps.
Supplementary local analytic components
The following retained authoring components supply the detailed smooth-boundary subarguments used above. Their statements about not covering label jumps refer to these subarguments alone; the spectral-cut lemma supplies the separate declared corner branch. Native scientific review is still required for the whole proposed replacement.
Retained smooth-boundary nodal gluing components
Authoring only. These arguments have not been independently accepted. They complete proposed analytic components for a smooth totally real boundary bundle, including the actual single-L Reader13 consumers. They do not prove the label-changing-marking branch of the current supplier. corner-framework-and-exact-obstruction.md explains that separate public-interface issue. Neither this document nor another author's proposal is an installed logical supplier.
Use the original supplier's local universal family, supported forcing, regular augmentation, incidence slices and finite tuple data. On every normalization component assume the boundary condition is a smooth totally real subbundle. Same-label real nodes satisfy this hypothesis. Write n for complex bundle rank and . Normalize real ends to [0,infinity)×[0,pi], ; closed ends have angular period2pi. Fixed finite coordinate contexts have bounded smooth coefficient and inverse-chart norms. All constants below depend on that context; no uniformity over unrelated targets is claimed.
A. Actual strip operator; no high-order reflection restriction on forcing
For d/dt on the REAL Hilbert space , with real trace at both edges, the eigenvectors are exp(-ijt)v, j integer, v real, eigenvalue j. Real orthogonality follows by integrating cos((j-l)t). Completeness follows by conjugate-reflecting an L2 function to a period2pi function; its Fourier coefficients are real. The operator domain is H1 with these real traces. Thus for , Fourier transform in s gives the inverse multiplier for d/ds+A-delta. Both its denominator and its first-derivative quotient are bounded away from zero/infinity by constants depending only on delta. It gives H1 solvability for every L2 forcing. Reality of the coefficient functions is preserved by the conjugation symmetry in tau.
For a target f in ordinary , apply s difference quotients to this H1 estimate, through order k-1. They commute with the operator and preserve the two real traces. The equation recovers all remaining mixed/normal derivatives by induction on their number of t factors. Consequently the inverse is bounded for the unrestricted ordinary forcing space. No false assertion that conjugate reflection preserves arbitrary high forcing jets is used. A finite-end extension uses the ordinary real-coefficient Vandermonde extension in s, where there is no boundary condition. It is bounded on the required finite Sobolev order. Cutoff errors have fixed compact support.
Choose a smooth real boundary frame, complexify it by J, and extend over each branch half-disk. Its value at the node is fixed on both branches. Cylindrical normalization makes the principal operator exactly d/ds+i d/dt; the remaining coefficient and all fixed cylindrical derivatives are O(exp(-s)). Real scalar cutoffs preserve both edge traces. A target chart flattening the one Lagrangian L makes the map cutoffs L-valued; arbitrary exponential interpolation need not do so. These are one-sided smooth constructions; no smoothness of a reflected nonlinear J is asserted.
B. Global realization and index
Apply the actual smooth-F bordered Fredholm supplier on boundary components, and the closed supplier on closed ones. In the direct sum of ordinary Hk component spaces, node difference evaluation Δ is onto sum of at interior nodes and at real nodes. Disjoint cutoff sections give a bounded right lift R of Δ. In the splitting kerΔ+imR, P-PRΔ is P restricted to kerΔ plus a zero finite-dimensional block. Thus
ind sum ind - dim V sum ind -2n -n .
A boundary smoothing joins two boundary half-disks by a strip and reduces total Euler characteristic by one; an interior smoothing reduces it by two. The boundary double clutching is unchanged away from these trivial matching fixtures. Its Chern degree is additive; equivalently glue the fixed complex frames on the two trivial fixtures, whose transition is identity. The disk formula nχ+μ therefore changes by exactly -n at a boundary node, and the closed/relative formula by -2n at an interior node. This agrees with the constrained central index. The same E augmentation and 2ell real incidence losses occur on every stratum. This calculation does not apply a closed-node 2n loss at a real node.
The weighted spaces retain a real constant at each real node and complex constant at each interior node, with exponentially weighted decaying remainder. The end inverse in A and the usual closed Fourier inverse give parametrices. Core boundary patches use the real-trace H1 identity followed by tangential difference quotients and recovery of normal derivatives, exactly as the read bordered supplier. Fixed-support errors gain one derivative, and the end O(exp(-s)) coefficients tend to zero in operator norm after truncation; Fourier truncation on finitely many charts proves their compactness. Weighted homogeneous solutions have continuous common limits, extend weakly over branch punctures without a boundary atom, and acquire one-sided smoothness by the bordered estimates. Conversely a smooth matched section has O(exp(-s)) remainder. Smooth ordinary target coefficients have the same cylindrical factor. Cutting off weighted targets far down the ends gives dense images in the finite-dimensional quotient, so the compact and weighted kernel/cokernel agree, with the stated finite constraints. The assumed augmented regularity therefore gives a genuine bounded central weighted right inverse Q0.
C. Complement and separated-cutoff inverse
Let K be the kernel of the full E-augmented central operator. Its E-image B satisfies by assumed surjectivity with E'. Choose as a direct sum with E'' contained in E'. Split K into the zero-E kernel and a lift of B. Project onto B, subtract its kernel lift, then choose finitely many core evaluations dual to the remaining kernel. Unique continuation makes those evaluations detecting; finite-dimensionality supplies a finite list. This gives an isomorphism and a complement kerL0 whose E component lies in E''. Its inverse Q0 has E component in E'. This specifies the complement rather than assuming it from a dimension count.
For each node, write its neck length6S. Preglue smooth kernel elements by cutting their O(exp(-s)) remainders to the common constant near S and5S. Their errors are O(exp(-(1-delta)S)). Keep Lq equal to the same fixed core evaluations and E projection, so Lq kappa exactly.
Break a target forcing with complementary cutoffs near3S, send each half to its normalized branch, apply Q0, and transport back. Retain the left decaying section remainder until4S, the right from2S; in their overlap add both and count their common constant once. The extension beyond the target cutoff is a bounded ordinary collar extension, not an asserted smooth zero extension of unmatched jets. The targets are first multiplied by cutoffs flat at their support boundary. On the two places where a section remainder is cut, the ratio of the glued weight to the old end weight is O(exp(-2delta S)). There are no differentiated target-breaking terms in DQ0: the already-solved target equations add to the original forcing in the overlap. The O(exp(-s)) coefficient multiplying a retained constant costs O(exp(-(1-delta)S)), not O(exp(-S)) in the weighted target. The decaying remainder coefficient error is O(exp(-S)). Therefore the approximate inverse T satisfies
||Dq T-I|| , .
It has image in kerLq and E component in E'. Neumann inversion gives , with the same complement and uniform bound. Equality of the Fredholm indices in B makes . Since Lq is onto on the entire domain and kills imQq, the decomposition makes Lq|kerDq onto W, hence an isomorphism. Thus exactly. No claimed periodic-cylinder boundary condition is hidden here.
D. Nonlinear pregluing and contraction
Cut map remainders to the node in an L-flattening chart on each real neck; use the usual complex chart on closed necks. The node-constant region solves the unforced equation. The forcing and incidence data remain on fixed cores. Product differentiation on the fixed cutoff regions gives residual C(|y|+sum exp(-(1-delta)S)). Incidence slices at different source marks are straightened in their disjoint source neighborhoods, even if their target images coincide. Temporary transverse intersections are recovered by the finite-dimensional inverse theorem with the actual transverse derivative; these are uniformly smooth core functions.
Cover strips by unit rectangles/half-rectangles of bounded overlap, independent of S. Ordinary finite reflection extension for estimating Sobolev norms, followed by Fourier Cauchy-Schwarz, gives uniform and products on these fixed patches. This extension is not a reflected equation. The inverse square weight has uniformly bounded longitudinal integral. Separate the real zero mode Re xi at the middle section; the imaginary mean is not a free constant mode. The weighted derivatives plus a control the global unweighted supremum. On boundary patches use smooth boundary-preserving bundle charts. Second variations of the CR map have terms h·Dg, g·Dh, , and supported forcing terms. There is no pure constant-only unforced neck term. Thus
||F(xi)-F(eta)-Dq(xi-eta)|| C(||xi||+||eta||)||xi-eta||
with C independent of all neck lengths. For sufficiently small fixed radius, xi xi-Qq F(xi) is a contraction on the affine fiber . It produces a unique solution with Lq . Its E/E' coordinate is the prescribed kernel coordinate because Qq's E image is in E'. The splitting makes projection to E/E' a submersion. All statements are uniform when any subset of nodes remains nodal.
E. Boundary energy and differentiated decay
On a small L-chart there is a primitive theta of the symplectic form with : subtract the exact pullback of any local primitive to the contractible L-chart. For each endpoint a in L, subtract the differential of a function vanishing on L to make . Its norm is bounded by C distance to a uniformly. For a vertical arc gamma of length pi with both endpoints on L, this alteration has zero endpoint contribution, and
|integral gamma*theta| C pi .
Stokes on [-r,r]×[0,pi] has no horizontal boundary term. Tameness gives u*omega comparable to , and A'(r). Integration, without dividing by A where it is zero, gives exp(-c(R-r))(b(-R)+b(R)). This is a strip action argument, not a loop Parseval assertion for an open arc. Let and take . The local boundary small-energy estimate actually read in lem-boundary-energy-regularity-for-totally-real-strips now gives |du| C times the square root of the local energy on a fixed smaller half-patch. Away from the boundary use the interior estimate.
For higher derivatives use the separately read proposed stopped_floer/uniform-boundary-bootstrap.md: its quantitative chart/inverse norms and tangential Hk argument apply to the fixed compact smooth family here. On a neck J is source-independent and forcing is zero. Differentiating in s gives with equation and real tangent boundary trace, straightened in a uniformly bounded frame. This is homogeneous in first derivatives. After the gradient estimate all coefficient norms needed at a fixed induction order are bounded by the previous bootstrap. The tangential estimate, equation recovery of normal derivatives and tame products consequently give u|| on a smaller unit patch on the original patch; there is no additive constant forcing. Induction retains the SAME exponential energy square-root factor. Translated half-patch constants do not depend on neck length. This supplies the differentiated decay actually needed by inverse gluing. The shared bootstrap remains an authoring proposal pending review, not an accepted input.
F. Graph-near solutions; no-neck and inverse gluing
On a fixed core regard the inhomogeneous solution as its graph in a product with source. The graph almost-complex structure has block form , , with A chosen from the forcing convention. For sufficiently large fixed N, N sigma+omega tames it. Its graph boundary lies on R×L, a Lagrangian for that product form. Choose the local primitive vanishing on this Lagrangian and centered at a boundary point, as in E. For a half-disk cutoff chi the boundary term in Stokes is zero. The estimate osc(graph) and Young's inequality give
integral chi² |d graph|² C osc(graph)² integral |dchi|².
No reflection of the nonlinear structure is invoked. The interior version uses an ordinary local primitive. Graph convergence and shrinking the fixed patch make these energies small. Apply the cited boundary small-energy supplier without changing its fixed-boundary-structure hypothesis. On a smaller coordinate rectangle embed the source coordinates into a flat complex torus , with its real source edge on a coordinate circle Gamma. Extend the smooth anti-complex-linear block A by a cutoff from that rectangle to times X, and set it to zero elsewhere. The block formula defines an autonomous smooth almost-complex structure on this compact target, because . The fixed submanifold Gamma times L is totally real: if a vector and its block-J image are tangent to it, the source component lies in both T Gamma and j T Gamma, hence is zero, and the target component lies in TL intersect JTL, hence is zero. Thus the supplier applies to the graph as an autonomous map into times X, with equal to this one fixed target structure along Gamma times L; it has no explicit source dependence. A sufficiently large product form N sigma+omega tames this structure uniformly on the finite coefficient neighborhood. The Caccioppoli bound makes its graph energy small after shrinking the patch, so the supplier gives the actual boundary gradient bound. Apply the proved tangential bootstrap on the smaller patch to obtain core C-infinity convergence. Finite source/forcing parameters give uniform compact-target coefficient bounds. This uses neither nonlinear reflection nor an unproved extension of the boundary energy theorem.
Fix a large normalized end depth R0 and then let parameters tend to zero. Core convergence makes endpoint slice derivatives O(exp(-R0)) plus a quantity tending to zero. Apply E on every remaining small-image neck. Summing the differentiated decay against weights yields a tail bounded by C exp(-(1-delta)R0) plus a quantity tending to zero for this fixed R0. Integrating the longitudinal derivative, rather than asserting a zero mean, controls the section remainder; the real middle mean converges to the node value by graph convergence. On the fixed core the correction converges in every required norm. First take the parameter limit, then . The full weighted correction norm tends to zero, with its finite E/mean coordinates. This proves no-neck energy and the inverse-gluing norm assertion for the smooth-boundary case. Let xi. Then lies in imQq, so contraction uniqueness recovers the original actual solution. The graph topology on the given proper finite local family is metrizable; the sequential neighborhood conclusion is valid. Comparing the contraction equations proves continuity across all partial strata. This proves the local product chart and openness of regularity in this branch, not a new domain-family existence theorem.
G. Determinant exact sequences and smoothing compatibility
Write P for the direct sum of normalization operators with smooth boundary conditions and Δ for its onto node-difference map to V. The actual exact sequence is
0 ker(P|kerΔ) kerP V coker(P|kerΔ) cokerP 0.
The map is Δ. The connecting map sends v to [PRv], where ; changing R changes that representative by the matched range. Exactness follows directly: and is precisely the vanishing of [PRv]; every kernel of coker is represented by Px and then by PRΔx. This construction gives, with the fixed component/node order,
det tensor .
Use det exterior kerD tensor . The finite-dimensional determinant isomorphism for an exact sequence is defined by lifting ordered quotient bases and cancelling identical lifted wedges. Independence of a lift is the triangular determinant-one identity. Here V has real n-dimensional factors for boundary nodes and complex n-dimensional factors for interior nodes. Incidence conditions and E augmentations use the same exact-sequence construction; recovered intersection derivatives are finite-rank core terms.
For smoothing compatibility choose one finite-dimensional smooth core forcing space W making the central matched augmented operator onto. The cokernel spanning statement of the read bordered supplier permits this with support away from all node fixtures. The separated-cutoff construction in C gives onto augmentations for all nearby smoothings and continuous kernel identification
Uq:kappa .
Its fixed core coordinate is L0kappa, hence it is injective and, by the index calculation, onto the augmented kernel. Determinant of the unaugmented operator is detker(Dq+W) tensor detW*, via the exact sequence . Transport an ordered augmented-kernel basis by Uq and cancel the SAME ordered W basis. This constructs a continuous determinant isomorphism to the central determinant through every partial nodal stratum; not just an orientation chosen on each fiber. If W is enlarged, the extra kernel/forcing factor cancels by its identical order. Compare arbitrary W by W+W'; compare complements through their contractible affine space. Therefore the isomorphisms agree up to the canonical positive continuous homotopy and induce the same orientation transport.
At a real node the finite matching block is with lift . The concatenated diagonal/lift basis has matrix [[I,0],[I,I]], determinant+1. At interior nodes it is the complex version, preserving complex orientation. Eliminating two matching coordinates in either order gives the same determinant cancellation with precisely the graded interchange of their factors. Thus the nodal exact-sequence identification agrees with smoothing and iteration under the stated ordering convention. It does not supply a spin structure or canonically orient a real factor without one. This is the missing linear determinant input in Reader13 relative-spin Step3.1.
H. Differentiated lengths and actual scope
For any fixed parameter derivative order j, do the preceding construction on k+j+3 source derivatives. In translated unit charts, differentiating a cutoff or weight with respect to S produces bounded coefficients; its tail has the same exp(-cS) factor. A parameter derivative of pullback loses at most one spatial derivative. Tangential boundary estimates give those extra derivatives on one-sided patches. Repeated differentiation of by , and of the fixed-point equation, gives exponential correction bounds on fixed cores. This justifies applying the already written common-profile calculation of the disk-atlas consumer to smooth-F boundaries. It does not assert norm differentiability of translation on bare Hk, smoothness in naive q, or estimates across a label jump. Corner spectral/capping theory, ordinary-versus-weighted map objects, and arbitrary nonclean intersections are not resolved by H or by an energy estimate.
Retained quantitative boundary bootstrap
Local quantitative estimate; authoring status retained
This note supplies the SAME smooth totally real boundary estimate needed by history steps 1.1, 29.1 and 78.1–80.1. It does not supply estimates across a jump of boundary label, change an index formula, or prove nonlinear nodal gluing/determinant compatibility.
Uniform hypotheses
Use nested half-disks , r in [1/2,1], or interior disks. A compact target set C has finitely many coordinate balls with metric and coordinate norms uniformly equivalent. For every integer l needed, , the forcing H(z,x), and moving embeddings have bounded norms, uniformly in the actual compact parameter family; . Boundary coordinate charts and their inverses have uniformly bounded norms on a fixed radius, and the least singular value of the real-linear map is at least . This quantitative total reality, a fixed chart radius and inverse bounds are essential; smoothness of each member alone is insufficient. For a fixed bounded geometry family they follow from compactness and total reality by taking a finite subcover. No uniformity over infinitely many unrelated finite contexts is claimed.
A boundary chart can be made J-complex along its real slice: choose local real coordinates x on and use the map , after shrinking its radius uniformly. At its differential sends (v,w) to ; hence the pulled-back J is standard there. The inverse function theorem, uniform inverse derivative bound and compactness give the stated uniform chart/inverse bounds. Differentiation in s uses the actual moving embedding; this is not a simultaneous geodesic metric for intersecting branes.
Linear estimate with its constants
For L on , trace v(s,0) in , assume uniformly bounded coefficients and smooth complex frames P(s,t) of uniformly bounded norm/inverse with A i and . Such frames exist locally by choosing a real frame of on the boundary, extending it, and using (I-Ai)/2 in a normalized neighborhood. The inverse bound is controlled by quantitative total reality and the coefficient bounds. Write . Then , with real trace w. For compactly supported w in a half-disk,
.
Indeed the mixed term is a boundary divergence; the flat-boundary contribution is zero because w and its tangential derivative are real, and the curved-boundary term vanishes by support. This identity, a cutoff and absorption of bounded C give
.
For higher orders apply this estimate to w, which still has real trace. The commutator is exactly . Every term has lower derivative order of w. The equation recovers derivatives containing t, inductively differentiating this equality. Cutoffs on nested radii therefore give
. (L)
depends only on the listed frame/coefficient bounds, c, l and the nested radii. Difference quotients in s preserve the real trace and satisfy the same estimates; weak compactness then proves (L) for weak solutions, not just already smooth ones. Normal derivatives follow distributionally from the equation. Interior estimates use ordinary cutoffs. Fixed-rank kernel/evaluation blocks and end weights are separate from this local estimate.
Nonlinear bootstrap after a gradient bound
Let u solve , u(s,0) in , image in C, and . In coordinates w has real trace and obeys ; and . Here h includes and the actual transformed forcing. Its derivatives are controlled by the hypotheses; they do not vanish merely because one flattens the boundary.
Tangential differentiation gives , with real trace, and the EXACT equation
∂s . (T)
Here ∂s means explicit source derivative, not total derivative. With controlled, all coefficients and right side in (T) are bounded. A frame for A along w is , with bounds depending on K. The estimate above remains valid for such a frame by approximation or directly by the product rule. Hence is on a smaller half-disk. The original equation yields in , so w is H² uniformly.
For higher orders differentiate tangentially j times. The two highest terms are ; isolate as a bounded zeroth-order coefficient. All remaining terms are products of derivatives of A,h and derivatives of w of order at most j; no uncontrolled derivative of order j+1 occurs on the right. The tame product/composition inequality on a two-dimensional disk with bounds their L² norm by ; the same holds for mixed derivatives recovered from . One proof of the tame inequality is to extend to a fixed disk, apply the Leibniz and chain rules, use Hölder with exponents 2(j-1)/(a-1) for a-th derivatives of w, and the interpolation inequality C plus lower norms. The interpolation inequality follows by integration by parts and Hölder, iterating from adjacent integer derivative orders; cutoffs contribute lower terms. These exponents make the sum of reciprocal Hölder exponents at most 1/2 for every differentiated product. The tangential estimate and the normal equation now give a uniform bound by induction on j on nested radii. Thus every norm is uniformly bounded on a smaller disk by Sobolev embedding, with constants depending on K and the actual uniform data norms. This bootstrap is after a gradient bound and does not assume gradient compactness.
Actual blow-up derivatives and nonconstant limit
At a maximizing-radius selected point choose and rescale , with on disks of radius and . For a boundary limit use boundary-centered coordinates; the selected point has bounded rescaled distance from the real edge and tends to a finite interior or boundary point there. Its derivative remains one in the limit. If the distance tends to infinity the limit domain is the plane.
The rescaled equation is
.
For explicit source derivatives and target multi-index β,
,
.
The moving boundary is , with i, and the same scaling for Ψ and its inverse. Target derivatives of J DO NOT tend to zero; the limit is generally , not a constant complex structure. The transformed boundary-motion term is , including every fixed explicit source derivative. Quantitative total reality and chart radii persist. The bounded normalized gradient and finite target cover let the preceding bootstrap apply on fixed small rescaled disks, with constants independent of j. Diagonal extraction consequently gives convergence to a nonconstant plane or half-plane with boundary on the limiting ONE exact brane. The data themselves have a smoothly convergent subsequence by the compact parameter family (or the explicitly summable Hilbert perturbation tails at history step 88.1). Uniform energy and target confinement pass to the limit on every compact domain, so the limit has finite energy. The existing exhaustion Stokes argument at 79.1 then excludes it. No derivative bound was used before the maximizing-radius normalization provided .
The same proof on translated unit half-strips with the same-label trace has constants independent of strip length; summing a bounded-overlap cover gives higher weighted estimates. Derivatives of a fixed exponential weight are bounded multiples of that weight, so the weight exponent is retained. This does not remove the real mean mode or manufacture an inverse on a long neck. Label-changing corners and nodes must first be represented by the appropriate strip/domain normalization; they are not half-disk points with one smooth trace.
Exact consumer fit and remaining boundary
History 29.1 concerns a FIXED smooth solution and a fixed finite domain context: its coefficients, tubular charts, finite cover and stationary strip ends supply the uniform hypotheses locally in parameter; (L) lifts the linear Fredholm realization, while composition and its remainder follow from the same product estimates. A point evaluation is used only after regularity, . History 78.1 uses finite compact target confinement from 77.1, normalized gradients, compact smooth boundary-family bounds, and the actual rescaling formulas above. History 80.1 follows after the Stokes contradiction. At a source degeneration use the existing normalized component/strip charts; this note supplies no estimate across a multi-label corner and does not certify that a claimed domain normalization has already been constructed. Any application to such a corner remains conditional on that separate construction.
This is a local authoring proposal for an established analytic prerequisite. It is not an open-problem theorem, an external import, or certification of the other 364 proof steps. No external full text was fetched/read during this repair; the argument was reconstructed from the actual local carriers and its stated estimates must receive native scientific review.
Depends on
- Stable J-holomorphic disks with boundary markings
- General totally real corner cappings and weighted Fredholm configurations
- Spectral-cut cappings and weighted label-changing corners
- The Axiom of Choice
- Cauchy–Riemann similarity and unique continuation under countable choice
- Closed-surface real Cauchy–Riemann index and smooth adjoint obstructions
- Plancherel theorem
- Bounded inverse theorem
- Fredholm index is stable under compact perturbations
- Interior small-energy gradient control for almost complex maps
- Local higher derivative bounds for almost complex maps with bounded first derivative
- Bordered CR Fredholm index, boundary regularity and evaluation obstructions
- Boundary small-energy gradient control along a compact totally real submanifold
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
58 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- John Pardon, An Algebraic Approach to Virtual Fundamental Cycles on Moduli Spaces of Pseudo-Holomorphic Curves (standard reference, not scraped)