How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
The finite Weyl twirl is the normalized partial trace
Statement
Let be finite-dimensional complex inner-product spaces with , and fix an ordered orthonormal basis of . Let and , where (and when ). For ,
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Finite-dimensional complex-inner-product spaces , , an ordered orthonormal basis of , and .
Partial trace over a finite tensor factor: in an ordered product basis with the retained factor first, .
Ordered tensor registers, their inner product, and wire permutations: the product basis is ordered by factor indices and elementary-tensor pairings are products of the factor pairings.
Complex de Moivre formula for every integer exponent: integer powers of equal .
, and exactly when : exactly when .
Euler's formula: for every real : for real .
Proof
If , Euler's identity [F5] and the integer-power formula [F3] give for every integer . By [F4], this equals exactly when divides , so has exact order and . The shift permutes the orthonormal basis and the phase multiplies its vectors by unit scalars, so both are unitary. For both are the identity. For , is when ; otherwise multiplication by makes the geometric sum telescope to , so it is .
Write and expand in the product basis. Direct action on basis vectors gives and , with indices modulo . Averaging first over using step 1.1 removes every term and keeps .
For each remaining diagonal unit, . Therefore the full average is . By [F1], , giving the identity. When , [F1] says is the unique coefficient , so the same equality holds.
Depends on
- Partial trace over a finite tensor factor
- Ordered tensor registers, their inner product, and wire permutations
- $\ker(\exp)=2\pi i\mathbb Z$, and $\exp z=\exp w$ exactly when $z-w\in2\pi i\mathbb Z$
- Complex de Moivre formula for every integer exponent
- Euler's formula: $\exp(i\theta)=\cos\theta+i\sin\theta$ for every real $\theta$
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
35 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- John Watrous, The Theory of Quantum Information (2018), Chapter 5 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Mark M. Wilde, From Classical to Quantum Shannon Theory, second-edition prepublication v8 (2019) (standard reference, not scraped)