Alphabeta Math
LemmaStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-generatedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-6-luna)
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Joint state support is contained in the tensor product of its marginal supports

Statement

For a state ρAB on a finite-dimensional bipartite space, with marginals ρA=Tr⁡BρAB and ρB=Tr⁡AρAB,

supp⁡(ρAB)⊆supp⁡(ρA)⊗supp⁡(ρB)=supp⁡(ρA⊗ρB).

Consequently D(ρAB∥ρA⊗ρB) is finite.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A finite-dimensional bipartite density operator ρAB and the partial traces in the Statement.

[F1]

Finite-dimensional quantum relative entropy: for every non-negative operator R, supp⁡(R)=(ker⁡R)⊥; support inclusion is the finiteness condition for D.

[F2]

Partial trace over a finite tensor factor: the second-factor marginal has entries (ρA)ii′=∑j(ρAB)(i,j),(i′,j).

[F3]

Partial trace over the first tensor factor: the first-factor marginal has entries (ρB)jj′=∑i(ρAB)(i,j),(i,j′).

[F4]

Partial traces of a finite bipartite state are states: both marginals are density operators.

[F5]
[F7]

Every finite-dimensional real or complex inner product space has an orthonormal basis: every finite-dimensional inner-product space has an orthonormal basis.

Proof

1.1givenF1F2F5F7choosealgebra

Choose an orthonormal basis (bj) of HB using [F7]. If u∈ker⁡ρA, then [F2] gives 0=⟨ρAu,u⟩=∑j⟨ρAB(u⊗bj),u⊗bj⟩. Every term is nonnegative by [F1], so every term is zero. By [F5], write ρAB=S∗S; a zero quadratic form then gives S(u⊗bj)=0 and hence ρAB(u⊗bj)=0. Since (bj) spans HB, ρAB annihilates ker⁡ρA⊗HB.

1.2givenF1F3F5F7choosealgebra

Choose an orthonormal basis (ai) of HA using [F7]. If v∈ker⁡ρB, then [F3] similarly gives 0=⟨ρBv,v⟩=∑i⟨ρAB(ai⊗v),ai⊗v⟩. Positivity and [F5] show that ρAB annihilates HA⊗ker⁡ρB.

2.1F1F4F6step 1.1step 1.2algebra∎

Self-adjointness of ρAB implies its range is orthogonal to both subspaces annihilated in steps 1.1 and 1.2. Using the orthogonal decompositions HA=supp⁡(ρA)⊕ker⁡ρA and HB=supp⁡(ρB)⊕ker⁡ρB, the intersection of their orthogonal complements is supp⁡(ρA)⊗supp⁡(ρB). For non-negative ρAB its range equals its support by [F6]. The product spectral decomposition also gives supp⁡(ρA⊗ρB)=supp⁡(ρA)⊗supp⁡(ρB). Hence the stated inclusion holds, and [F1] makes the divergence finite.

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