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LemmaStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-6-luna)
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Nonlinear path extension is a probability kernel

Statement

Let T≥0 be finite, let (Zt,Zt) be standard-Borel spaces for 0≤t≤T, and for 1≤t≤T let Mt:Zt−1⇝Zt be probability kernels, with the kernel convention of Measure kernel and probability kernel. For 1≤t≤T, define the path-extension kernel from Z0:t−1 to Z0:t by M‾t(z0:t−1,A)=∫Zt1A(z0:t−1,zt)Mt(zt−1,dzt). Then M‾t is a probability kernel and Z0:t is standard Borel. Its ordered iterates append the nonlinear states with the original transition law.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The nonlinear path spaces, transition kernels, and definition in the Statement.

[F1]

Each Zt is standard Borel, meaning measurably isomorphic to a Polish space, and each Mt is a probability kernel. Standard Borel spaces Measure kernel and probability kernel

[F2]

Finite products of standard-Borel spaces, with the finite-product sigma-algebra, are standard Borel. Finite products of standard Borel spaces are standard Borel

[F3]

The finite-product sigma-algebra is generated by measurable coordinate rectangles. The product sigma-algebra and its finite iterates

[F4]

Kernel sections are measures, probability sections have mass one, and their set evaluations are measurable. Measure kernel and probability kernel

[F5]

Integrating a nonnegative product-measurable function against a probability kernel gives a measurable function of the source point. Measurability of integration against a kernel

Proof

Given: The hypotheses in the Statement.

1.1F1F2F3F4given

By [F2], both finite path spaces carry their stated product sigma-algebras and the target path space is standard Borel. Fix a prefix z0:t−1. The append map jz0:t−1(zt)=(z0:t−1,zt) is measurable: the inverse image of a generating rectangle is either empty or the final-coordinate measurable set, and [F3] generates the target sigma-algebra from these rectangles. Thus A↦Mt(zt−1,jz0:t−1−1(A)) is the pushforward of the probability measure Mt(zt−1,⋅) and is a probability measure.

2.1F1F3F4F5step 1.1∎

The projection z0:t−1↦zt−1 is measurable, so composing each set-evaluation map zt−1↦Mt(zt−1,B) with this projection gives a probability kernel from the prefix space to Zt. The function (z0:t−1,zt)↦1A(z0:t−1,zt) is product-measurable. By [F5], its integral against this composed kernel is measurable in the prefix. Together with step 1.1, this proves that M‾t has probability-measure sections and measurable set evaluations, hence is a probability kernel. Iterating the definition appends each state using exactly Mt because at each step the indicator is evaluated on the already fixed prefix and the new coordinate.

Depends on

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