Alphabeta Math
LemmaStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedverified 2026-09-26 (gpt-6-sol)
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The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

A plane graph has finitely many faces and exactly one unbounded face

Statement

Every plane graph (Plane embeddings of finite simple graphs, their faces, facial boundary walks and lengths (counting a bridge twice), and planar graphs) has finitely many faces, exactly one of which is unbounded. A subset of the plane is bounded here when both coordinate projections are bounded in the real sense of Lower bound, bounded below, bounded set. The proof adds finitely many vertices and edges by The principle of mathematical induction.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A finite polygonal plane drawing.

[L1]

Proof

technique · induction
1.1base

The finite union of bounded line segments lies in a sufficiently large rectangle. The exterior of that rectangle is connected and disjoint from the drawing, so it lies in one face; every unbounded face must meet the exterior and hence equals that face. Thus there is exactly one unbounded face.

1.2L1ihalgebra

Add the finitely many vertices and edge arcs one at a time. At every stage the partial drawing consists of finitely many points and straight segments by [L1]. Let L1,…,Ls be the distinct full lines supporting its segments, together with a vertical line through each vertex. The complement of these lines has at most 2s nonempty sign cells: for each choice of sides of the s lines, the cell is an intersection of open half-planes, hence convex and connected. Every face of the drawing is a nonempty open set, so it meets the complement of this finite union of lines, which has empty interior. The sign cell containing such a point is disjoint from the drawing and connected, hence lies wholly in that face. Distinct faces contain distinct sign cells. Thus every partial drawing has at most 2s faces. The empty drawing has one face, and each finite addition preserves the finite-face assertion.

2.1step 1.1step 1.2discharge-induction∎

Starting from the empty drawing with one face, finitely many additions yield finitely many faces by step 1.2, and step 1.1 identifies exactly one as unbounded.

Depends on

Used by

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Sources