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A plane graph has finitely many faces and exactly one unbounded face
Statement
Every plane graph (Plane embeddings of finite simple graphs, their faces, facial boundary walks and lengths (counting a bridge twice), and planar graphs) has finitely many faces, exactly one of which is unbounded. A subset of the plane is bounded here when both coordinate projections are bounded in the real sense of Lower bound, bounded below, bounded set. The proof adds finitely many vertices and edges by The principle of mathematical induction.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A finite polygonal plane drawing.
Each edge is a finite union of straight segments by the polygonal drawing definition (Plane embeddings of finite simple graphs, their faces, facial boundary walks and lengths (counting a bridge twice), and planar graphs).
Proof
The finite union of bounded line segments lies in a sufficiently large rectangle. The exterior of that rectangle is connected and disjoint from the drawing, so it lies in one face; every unbounded face must meet the exterior and hence equals that face. Thus there is exactly one unbounded face.
Add the finitely many vertices and edge arcs one at a time. At every stage the partial drawing consists of finitely many points and straight segments by [L1]. Let be the distinct full lines supporting its segments, together with a vertical line through each vertex. The complement of these lines has at most nonempty sign cells: for each choice of sides of the lines, the cell is an intersection of open half-planes, hence convex and connected. Every face of the drawing is a nonempty open set, so it meets the complement of this finite union of lines, which has empty interior. The sign cell containing such a point is disjoint from the drawing and connected, hence lies wholly in that face. Distinct faces contain distinct sign cells. Thus every partial drawing has at most faces. The empty drawing has one face, and each finite addition preserves the finite-face assertion.
Starting from the empty drawing with one face, finitely many additions yield finitely many faces by step 1.2, and step 1.1 identifies exactly one as unbounded.
Depends on
Used by
- For a plane graph with c components, |V|-|E|+|F|=1+c, including the null graph Corollary
- Facial boundary walks of a connected plane graph sum to 2|E|, and if every such walk has length at least g then g|F|≤2|E| Lemma
- Every connected plane graph has a plane dual multigraph, and when that dual is simple the reciprocal embedding identifies the double dual with the original graph Theorem
Dependency tree · two levels
11 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- R. Diestel, Graph Theory, 6th ed., Chapter 4, Section 4.2 (standard reference, not scraped)