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LemmaStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-generatedPipeline-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-14
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Positive-definite bundle endomorphisms have smooth positive square roots

Statement

Let E→M be a finite-rank real vector bundle with a smooth bundle metric, and let T∈Γ(End⁡E) be smooth, self-adjoint, and positive definite in every fibre. There is a unique smooth self-adjoint positive-definite bundle endomorphism S with S2=T.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The bundle, metric, and endomorphism in the statement.

[F1]

Every non-negative self-adjoint endomorphism of a finite-dimensional inner product space has a unique non-negative square root. A non-negative operator has a unique non-negative square root.

[F2]

A solution of a smooth finite-dimensional equation depends smoothly on parameters when its derivative in the unknown is invertible. The parametrized implicit function theorem with Ck regularity.

Proof

technique · direct
1.1F1given

In each fibre [F1] gives a unique positive-definite self-adjoint square root Sx=Tx1/2. These fibre maps automatically define a bundle endomorphism set-theoretically; it remains to prove local smoothness.

1.2F1algebra

Fix x0 and a smooth orthonormal frame near it, so self-adjoint maps are symmetric matrices. For Φ(R)=R2, the derivative at the positive matrix Sx0 is DΦSx0(H)=Sx0H+HSx0. In an orthonormal eigenbasis of Sx0 its (i,j) entry is (si+sj)Hij; every si>0, so this derivative is an isomorphism on symmetric matrices.

2.1F1F2step 1.1step 1.2∎

Apply [F2] to R2−Tx=0. It produces a unique smooth symmetric solution R(x) near x0 with R(x0)=Sx0. After shrinking, positivity persists; fibrewise uniqueness in [F1] then gives R(x)=Sx. Thus S is smooth near every point, and the unique local roots agree on overlaps. In rank zero the unique empty endomorphism supplies the result.

Depends on

Used by

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Sources