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A tight Gaussian law is carried by a separable closed subspace
Statement
Let be a real Banach space and let be a Borel measurable -valued random element with tight law . Tight means that for every some compact satisfies . Assume is centered Gaussian, meaning that every continuous real linear functional makes a centered scalar normal random variable. Then there is a separable closed linear subspace with . The law of viewed as an -valued random element is tight and centered Gaussian, and its support in is exactly the support of in , viewed as a subset of . In particular, every ambient support point belongs to .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A real Banach space , a tight Borel probability law on , and a centered Gaussian random element with law .
The Axiom of Choice: AC permits the countable selection of compact sets and finite nets used below.
The real dominated-extension principle as an additional hypothesis over ZF: the real dominated-extension principle extends a linear functional dominated by a sublinear functional to the ambient vector space, preserving domination.
Proof
For each integer , tightness and [A1] give a compact set with . Each compact metric space has a countable dense subset: for each integer , compactness gives a finite -net, and the union of these finite nets is countable and dense. The union over of these dense subsets is countable; let be its closure. Then is separable, contains every , and for every , hence .
Let be the closed real linear span of . Rational linear combinations of a countable dense subset of form a countable dense subset of its real linear span, so is separable; it is closed by construction and therefore Banach, and . Define on the measurable event and on its null complement. Then is -valued and Borel measurable: each Borel set of is for some ambient Borel , and its preimage is together with the null complement if the set contains zero. Its law is the restriction of to . For any , let on ; is dominated by on . By [A2] it extends to a linear on dominated by , and applying domination to and gives . Since almost surely, almost surely, so is centered normal. Thus the restricted law is Gaussian.
For tightness in , replace each compact by , which is compact and has the same -mass because . If , closedness gives a -open neighborhood disjoint from , of -mass zero, so is outside the ambient support. If , every ambient open ball about intersects in an -open neighborhood and has the same measure as that intersection; hence all such neighborhoods have positive measure exactly when all relative neighborhoods do. The two supports therefore agree.
Source notes
The cited sources use tight Borel Gaussian random elements and their support/RKHS framework. The separable closed carrier and the transfer of Gaussianity to it are proved here; neither source excerpt is treated as a substitute proof.
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Sources
- A. W. van der Vaart and J. H. van Zanten, Rates of contraction of posterior distributions based on Gaussian process priors, §2 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Bas J. K. Kleijn, Aad W. van der Vaart and Harry van Zanten, Lectures on Nonparametric Bayesian Statistics, §§11–12 (standard reference, not scraped)