Alphabeta Math
PropositionStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-14
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Ergodic averages are measurable, representative independent, and Lp contractive

Statement

Let T preserve μ. For every 1≤p≤∞, composition

UT[f]:=[f∘T]

is a well-defined linear isometry on real Lp(μ) and on complex Lp(μ;C). Consequently Sn and An define measurable Lp classes and

∥Anf∥p≤∥f∥p(n≥1).

No invertibility of T is assumed.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A measure-preserving system, 1≤p≤∞, an Lp class [f], and an integer n≥1.

[F1]

A measure-preserving map is measurable, preserves inverse-image measures, and leaves nonnegative and integrable integrals invariant (Integral invariance under measure-preserving maps).

[F3]

Complex measurable functions, their a.e. quotient, and their modulus norms are fixed by Complex Lp classes and Euclidean test-function conventions; the complex quotient norm and Minkowski inequality are supplied by Complex Holder, Minkowski, and the quotient norm.

[F4]

The essential supremum is the infimum of the essential bounds (The essential supremum of a measurable function with respect to a measure).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1F1

Measurability of T makes f∘T measurable. If f=g off the measurable null set N, then f∘T=g∘T off T−1N, and μ(T−1N)=μ(N)=0. Thus UT is representative independent. Pointwise composition distributes over addition and scalar multiplication, so the descended map is linear over either scalar field.

1.2F1F2F3

For 1≤p<∞, integral invariance applied to the nonnegative measurable function ∣f∣p gives ∥f∘T∥pp=∫∣f∣p∘T dμ=∫∣f∣p dμ=∥f∥pp. Taking the nonnegative pth root proves equality of the norms.

1.3F1F4

For p=∞ and every finite M≥0, the exceptional set for ∣f∘T∣≤M is T−1{∣f∣>M}. Its measure equals that of {∣f∣>M}. Hence M is an essential bound for f∘T exactly when it is one for f, and their infima are equal.

2.1step 1.1step 1.2step 1.3

Iterating step 1.1 shows that every UTk[f]=[f∘Tk] is well defined and has norm ∥f∥p. Finite linear combinations therefore make Snf and Anf well-defined measurable classes.

3.1F2F3step 2.1∎

The real or complex Minkowski inequality and positive homogeneity now give ∥Anf∥p≤1n∑k=0n−1∥UTkf∥p=∥f∥p. This includes n=1 and p=∞, and no inverse of T was used.

Depends on

Used by

Cited to discharge well-definedness by Ergodic partial sums, time averages, and the invariant L2 subspace.

Dependency tree · two levels

43 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources