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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-01
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For a bilinear map, boundedness is equivalent to joint continuity

Statement

Let X, Y, and Z be normed spaces over the same scalar field, and let B:X×Y→Z be bilinear. Then the following are equivalent:

  1. B is bounded.
  2. B is continuous at (0,0).
  3. B is jointly continuous on X×Y for the product norm ∥(x,y)∥max⁡:=max⁡{∥x∥,∥y∥}.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A bilinear map B:X×Y→Z, points x0∈X, y0∈Y, and perturbations h∈X, k∈Y.

[L1]

A bounded bilinear map has a constant C≥0 with ∥B(x,y)∥≤C∥x∥ ∥y∥ for all x,y (A bounded bilinear map between normed spaces).

[L2]

The finite-product maximum norm is a norm on X×Y (The standard product norms on a finite product of normed spaces).

[L3]

Continuity on metric spaces is the ε-δ condition of Continuity of a map between metric spaces, at a point and globally, in the ε-δ form, and addition and scalar multiplication in normed spaces are continuous (Vector addition and scalar multiplication are continuous in a normed space).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

Assume B is bounded, with constant C from [L1]. Bilinearity gives B(x0+h,y0+k)−B(x0,y0)=B(h,k)+B(h,y0)+B(x0,k). If max⁡{∥h∥,∥k∥}<δ≤1, then ∥B(h,k)∥≤Cδ2, ∥B(h,y0)∥≤Cδ∥y0∥, and ∥B(x0,k)∥≤C∥x0∥δ. Hence

∥B(x0+h,y0+k)−B(x0,y0)∥≤Cδ(δ+∥x0∥+∥y0∥).

[L1, L2, algebra]

1.2L3

The implication (3)⇒(2) is immediate by specializing the point of continuity to (0,0).

1.3L3choose

Assume B is continuous at (0,0). Applying [L3] with ε=1 gives δ>0 such that max⁡{∥u∥,∥v∥}<δ implies ∥B(u,v)∥<1.

2.1step 1.1L3choose

Given ε>0, choose δ≤1 so that the bound in step 1.1 is below ε. Then [L3] shows that B is continuous at (x0,y0). Since (x0,y0) was arbitrary, (1)⇒(3).

2.2step 1.3L1algebra

If x=0 or y=0, bilinearity gives B(x,y)=0. Otherwise put u:=δ2∥x∥x and v:=δ2∥y∥y. Then max⁡{∥u∥,∥v∥}=δ/2<δ, so ∥B(u,v)∥<1 by step 1.3. By bilinearity, B(u,v)=δ24∥x∥∥y∥B(x,y), hence ∥B(x,y)∥<4δ2∥x∥ ∥y∥. Therefore B is bounded.

3.1step 2.1step 1.2step 2.2∎

Steps 2.1, 1.2, and 2.2 prove (1)⇒(3)⇒(2)⇒(1), so the three conditions are equivalent.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources