Alphabeta Math
TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-09-14
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

External-product and Whitney-sum formulas for Thom classes

Statement

Assume AC. For ordered oriented bundles ξB and ηC of ranks n,m, the canonical product-pair identification gives uξ×η=uξ×uη. For bundles over one base, diagonal pullback gives uξη=uξuη. Interchanging the ordered summands changes the orientation and the displayed class by the Koszul sign (1)nm.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The two supplied orientations and Thom classes in the scope of the general theorem.

[F1]

Naturality and uniqueness of Thom classes gives pullback naturality and uniqueness under AC.

[F2]

Whitney sum, tensor, dual, Hom, and exterior-power bundles identifies the Whitney sum as diagonal pullback of the external product bundle.

[F4]
[A1]

The Axiom of Choice is used only through [F1].

Proof

technique · normalize the external product and use uniqueness
1.1

Give ξ×η the sum metric. The product pair (Dξ×Dη,(Sξ×Dη)(Dξ×Sη)) is the unit pair for the maximum norm. On every nonzero fiber vector z=(v,w), the formula z(max{v,w}/v2+w2)z, extended by zero, is a base-preserving homeomorphism to the sum-metric disk/sphere pair; its inverse uses the reciprocal radial ratio.

F3
2.1

Form uξ×uη with [F4] on the product pair and transport it across step 1.1. On the fiber over (b,c) its restriction is the ordered product of the two normalized generators. The connector normalization in [F3] makes this exactly the ordered rank-(n+m) generator. Thus the transported class is normalized, and [F1] identifies it with uξ×η.

F1F3F4step 1.1
3.1

For bundles over B, [F2] identifies ξη with the pullback of ξ×η along Δ:BB×B. By [F1], its Thom class is Δ(uξ×uη). The cochain definition in [F4] pulls this external product back to uξuη, proving the Whitney-sum formula.

F1F2F4step 2.1
3.2

Swapping the two ordered fiber blocks crosses n degree-one coordinate connectors past m such connectors. The signed relative product rule in [F4] contributes (1) for each of the nm crossings, so the generator and Thom class change by (1)nm. This is precisely the orientation of the block permutation.

F3F4step 2.1
4.1

If either base is empty the external pair and both classes are zero; ranks zero and one reduce respectively to the unit and one connector. The zero ring, zero class, identity diagonal, equal bundles, the zero vector in the radial map, maximum/sum unit boundaries, and both factor orders are all covered above. The radial ratio is locally bounded at zero and the map fixes zero. AC is used exactly through [A1] in [F1]; all product and sign formulas are finite and choice-free.

F1F2F3F4A1step 1.1step 2.1step 3.1step 3.2

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

26 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources