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External-product and Whitney-sum formulas for Thom classes
Statement
Assume AC. For ordered oriented bundles and of ranks , the canonical product-pair identification gives For bundles over one base, diagonal pullback gives Interchanging the ordered summands changes the orientation and the displayed class by the Koszul sign .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The two supplied orientations and Thom classes in the scope of the general theorem.
Naturality and uniqueness of Thom classes gives pullback naturality and uniqueness under AC.
Whitney sum, tensor, dual, Hom, and exterior-power bundles identifies the Whitney sum as diagonal pullback of the external product bundle.
Disk, sphere, and Thom spaces of a metric vector bundle gives radial pair maps, while Disk-pair cohomology over an arbitrary commutative ring fixes the ordered fiber generators.
Relative cup product for an excisive triad and Relative cup products are natural and connector-compatible give the relative external/cup product and its naturality.
The Axiom of Choice is used only through [F1].
Proof
Give the sum metric. The product pair is the unit pair for the maximum norm. On every nonzero fiber vector , the formula , extended by zero, is a base-preserving homeomorphism to the sum-metric disk/sphere pair; its inverse uses the reciprocal radial ratio.
Form with [F4] on the product pair and transport it across step 1.1. On the fiber over its restriction is the ordered product of the two normalized generators. The connector normalization in [F3] makes this exactly the ordered rank- generator. Thus the transported class is normalized, and [F1] identifies it with .
For bundles over , [F2] identifies with the pullback of along . By [F1], its Thom class is . The cochain definition in [F4] pulls this external product back to , proving the Whitney-sum formula.
Swapping the two ordered fiber blocks crosses degree-one coordinate connectors past such connectors. The signed relative product rule in [F4] contributes for each of the crossings, so the generator and Thom class change by . This is precisely the orientation of the block permutation.
If either base is empty the external pair and both classes are zero; ranks zero and one reduce respectively to the unit and one connector. The zero ring, zero class, identity diagonal, equal bundles, the zero vector in the radial map, maximum/sum unit boundaries, and both factor orders are all covered above. The radial ratio is locally bounded at zero and the map fixes zero. AC is used exactly through [A1] in [F1]; all product and sign formulas are finite and choice-free.
Depends on
- Naturality and uniqueness of Thom classes
- Whitney sum, tensor, dual, Hom, and exterior-power bundles
- Disk, sphere, and Thom spaces of a metric vector bundle
- Disk-pair cohomology over an arbitrary commutative ring
- Relative cup product for an excisive triad
- Relative cup products are natural and connector-compatible
- The Axiom of Choice
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- May, A Concise Course in Algebraic Topology, Chapter 23 §5 (standard reference, not scraped)