How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Language equivalence of Turing machines is undecidable
Statement
Let Then is undecidable.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The machine-equivalence language .
A deterministic machine recognizes a language exactly when it accepts precisely the words in that language, by Languages recognized and decided by a Turing machine.
The chosen machine encoding is effective, so one can effectively build new coded machines from old codes and fixed finite control schemes, by A fixed effective binary encoding of deterministic one-tape Turing machines.
The halting language is undecidable, by The halting problem is recognizable and undecidable.
A language is decidable exactly when some deterministic Turing machine halts on every input and answers membership correctly, by Decidable and recognizable languages.
Proof
Fix once and for all a coded deterministic machine that accepts every input. Given an instance of , use [L2] to build a machine that ignores its own input, simulates on , accepts every input if that simulation ever halts, and otherwise loops forever on every input.
If halts on , then every input to eventually triggers acceptance, so [L1] gives . If does not halt on , then accepts no input at all, so . Therefore .
Suppose for contradiction that were decidable. Then step 2.1 would let that decider decide , contradicting [L3]. Hence is undecidable, by [L4].
Depends on
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
14 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Stan Nelson, Computability: Undecidable Problems (standard reference, not scraped)
- EECS 376 Course Notes, Part 6: Computability (standard reference, not scraped)