Alphabeta Math
TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-09-02
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Language equivalence of Turing machines is undecidable

Statement

Let EQTM:={M1,M2:M1 and M2 recognize the same language}. Then EQTM is undecidable.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The machine-equivalence language EQTM.

[L1]

A deterministic machine recognizes a language exactly when it accepts precisely the words in that language, by Languages recognized and decided by a Turing machine.

[L2]

The chosen machine encoding is effective, so one can effectively build new coded machines from old codes and fixed finite control schemes, by A fixed effective binary encoding of deterministic one-tape Turing machines.

[L3]

The halting language HALTTM is undecidable, by The halting problem is recognizable and undecidable.

[L4]

A language is decidable exactly when some deterministic Turing machine halts on every input and answers membership correctly, by Decidable and recognizable languages.

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

Fix once and for all a coded deterministic machine A that accepts every input. Given an instance M,w^ of HALTTM, use [L2] to build a machine EM,w that ignores its own input, simulates M on w, accepts every input if that simulation ever halts, and otherwise loops forever on every input.

L2givenconstruct
2.1

If M halts on w, then every input to EM,w eventually triggers acceptance, so [L1] gives L(EM,w)=Σ. If M does not halt on w, then EM,w accepts no input at all, so L(EM,w)=. Therefore M,w^HALTTM    EM,w,AEQTM.

L1step 1.1
3.1

Suppose for contradiction that EQTM were decidable. Then step 2.1 would let that decider decide HALTTM, contradicting [L3]. Hence EQTM is undecidable, by [L4].

assume-contraL3L4step 2.1contradictiondischarge-contradiction: an equivalence decider would decide halting

Depends on

Used by

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Sources