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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-09-05
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Property (*) and leaf reducibility imply generalized niceness

Statement

Let F be a finite family of graphs. If F has property () and F is leaf-reducible, then F is generalized nice.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A finite family F with property () and leaf-reducible.

[L1]

There exist constants c1>0, c44, and d58c4 such that, for every x(0,2d), every F-free graph of size at least xd satisfies the four-outcome theorem with parameter x (Rödl initialization removes the constant-scale restriction in the property (*) four-outcome theorem).

[L2]

Under the failure of the clique/stable-set, complete-or-anticomplete blockade, and restricted-set outcomes, every induced subgraph of size at least ϵdG has a pure or x-sparse (k,F/kd)-blockade for some integer k[2,x1] when x=ϵ5d, provided Gϵ10d2 (Large induced subgraphs in the property (*) four-outcome theorem contain a pure or x-sparse polynomial blockade).

[L3]

If every induced subgraph F of G with FϵdG has a pure or x-sparse (k,F/kd)-blockade for some k[2,x1], where x=ϵ5d and Gϵ10d2, then G has an (ϵ1,ϵ10d2G)-blockade whose distinct block pairs are pairwise complete or weakly ϵd-sparse (Local pure or x-sparse blockades yield a nice blockade).

[L4]

The definition of generalized niceness is the four-outcome schema in Generalized nice finite graph families.

Proof

technique · choose the source exponents, assume the last three generalized-nice outcomes fail, and then force the first outcome by the local pure-or-sparse blockade theorem
1.1

Let c1>0, c44, and d58c4 be the constants from [L1]. Set c1:=10d2,c2:=d,c3:=156c4d,c4:=c1,c5:=2d,c6:=5d,c7:=5d,c8:=116c4d. Then c13, c28, c61, and c74.

L1choosealgebra
2.1

Let G be an F-free graph and let ϵ(0,12). If outcome 2, 3, or 4 of [L4] already holds for these constants, there is nothing left to prove. So assume for contradiction that all three fail, and write x:=ϵ5d.

step 1.1L4assume-contra
3.1

If G<ϵ1, then ϵc3Gϵc311, because c3>1. Any vertex of G therefore gives a clique or stable set of size at least (ϵc3G)c4, so outcome 2 of [L4] holds. Hence we may assume that Gϵ1.

step 1.1step 2.1L4algebracases
4.1

If Gϵ10d2, then choose ϵ1 distinct vertices of G and make them singleton blocks. Step 3.1 makes this possible, and each singleton has size 1ϵ10d2G=ϵc1G. Every pair of singleton blocks is either complete or anticomplete, hence either complete or weakly ϵd-sparse. Thus outcome 1 of [L4] holds. Therefore we may assume that Gϵ10d2.

step 1.1step 3.1L4choosealgebracases
5.1

Under steps 2.1 and 4.1, [L2] applies to every induced subgraph F of G with FϵdG.

step 2.1step 4.1L2
6.1

If an induced subgraph F of G with FϵdG contained a clique or stable set of size at least (x31c4F)c1, then x31c4Fx31c4ϵdG=ϵ155c4d+dGϵ156c4dG=ϵc3G, so outcome 2 would hold, contrary to step 2.1. Likewise, if such an F contained a complete or anticomplete (k,F/kd)-blockade with kx1, then FkdϵdGkdGk2d, so outcome 3 would hold, again contrary to step 2.1. Therefore [L2] really does give the pure-or-x-sparse blockade alternative on every such F.

step 2.1step 5.1L2algebra
7.1

By steps 4.1 and 6.1, the hypotheses of [L3] are satisfied with the parameter d and x=ϵ5d: the graph G has order at least ϵ10d2, and every induced subgraph F with FϵdG has a pure or x-sparse (k,F/kd)-blockade for some integer k[2,x1]. Hence G has an (ϵ1,ϵ10d2G)-blockade whose distinct block pairs are either complete or weakly ϵd-sparse. This is exactly outcome 1 of [L4], because c1=10d2 and c2=d.

step 1.1step 4.1step 5.1step 6.1L3L4
8.1

Outcome 1 follows whenever outcomes 2, 3, and 4 fail, and step 1.1 records the remaining lower-bound requirements on the constants. Therefore the constants from step 1.1 satisfy Definition [L4], so F is generalized nice.

step 1.1step 2.1step 7.1L4discharge-contradiction

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