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TheoremStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-13
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The de Rham map on cohomology is well defined

Statement

For every smooth manifold M, possibly with boundary, and every integer k, integration induces a real linear map IM:HdRk(M)Hk(M;R),[ω][IMk(ω)]. The target is smooth singular cohomology. At a boundary, de Rham cohomology uses the locally extendible complex supplied on this page. No choice assumption is needed for this induced map.

Facts & Assumptions

[F1]

De Rham integration is a cochain map gives a degreewise real linear map with δIMk=IMk+1d.

[F2]

De rham cohomology defines the usual de Rham quotient, where two closed representatives differ by an exact form.

[F3]

The de Rham complex and pullback extend to manifolds with boundary supplies the same quotient construction for a manifold with boundary.

[F4]

Smooth singular chain and cochain complexes defines smooth singular cohomology as the cocycle space modulo the coboundary space, with zero negative degrees.

[F5]

A chain map induces a well-defined map on homology supplies the unique induced map on the homology quotient of a chain map.

Proof

Given: A manifold M and a closed form ωΩk(M), using [F3] when M has boundary.

1.1

By [F1], δIMk(ω)=IMk+1(dω)=IMk+1(0)=0. Thus the integration cochain is a cocycle and represents a class in [F4]. If ω=ω+dη, real linearity and [F1] give IMk(ω)IMk(ω)=IMk(dη)=δIMk1(η). The two cochains therefore represent the same smooth singular cohomology class.

F1F2F3F4given
2.1

To identify this with the induced-map construction in [F5], reindex the de Rham complex as Cn=Ωn(M) and the smooth cochain complex as Dn=Cn(M;R). Keep their differentials unchanged; a differential of cochain degree +1 now lowers n by one. Identity [F1] makes fn=IMn a chain map. The cycles and boundaries in chain degree k are exactly the original cocycles and coboundaries in degree k. Consequently [F5] gives the displayed quotient map, agreeing with step 1.1 by its defining property.

F1F3F4F5step 1.1
3.1

On closed representatives, [aω+bη] maps to [aIM(ω)+bIM(η)] by the real linearity of [F1]. Thus the induced map is real linear. In degree zero there are no nonzero exact forms from degree minus one, and the same calculation maps a closed function to its point-evaluation cocycle. In degree one, a change by the differential of a function maps to its cochain coboundary, exactly as in step 1.1.

F1F2F3F4step 1.1step 2.1
4.1

Negative degrees and degrees above dimM have zero de Rham source; the target above that dimension need not be zero for the induced map to be defined. On an empty manifold the source and target are both zero. Zero representatives map to zero classes, and all degenerate simplices remain part of the target complex from [F4]. No representatives are selected simultaneously: step 1.1 proves independence for arbitrary representatives, and [F5] defines the quotient map. Hence no choice is used.

F3F4F5step 2.1step 3.1

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Sources