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CounterexampleConstruction: AI-generatedVerification: AI-generatedPipeline-generatedprecheck passverified 2026-10-22 (gpt-6.1-sol)
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Weak Maxwell does not authorize quadratic self-energy

Physical scope

The ideal point-charge Coulomb field in the distributional pure electrostatic model. It is locally integrable but its ordinary quadratic electric-energy density is not locally integrable for nonzero charge, so the field lies outside the finite-energy boundary model. No claim is made about regularized or renormalized fields, particle mass, self-force, measurements, or every distributional Maxwell solution.

Statement refuted

Every distributional vacuum Maxwell solution with a point-charge source has a locally integrable ordinary electric-energy density uE=ε02∣E∣2 near the charge.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A nonempty open time interval I, a bounded Lipschitz polyhedron Ω⊆R3 containing x0, a point charge q≠0 in coulombs, a position x0 in metres, and ε0>0 in F m−1. The ideal field Eq has units V m−1.

Eq(x)=q(x−x0)4πε0∣x−x0∣3(x≠x0).

[F1]

For a stationary point source, Eq is locally integrable, smooth off x0, and satisfies div⁡Eq=(q/ε0)δx0 and curl⁡Eq=0 distributionally; the value assigned at x0 is immaterial. The localized Newtonian potential and the ideal point-charge Coulomb field

[F2]

For 0<δ<R, the truncated ordinary electric-field energy is

ε02∫{δ≤∣x−x0∣≤R}∣Eq(x)∣2 dλ3(x)=q28πε0(1δ−1R),

and this tends to +∞ as δ↓0 when q≠0. Divergence of the point-charge field energy and the limits of mass inference

[F3]

The finite-energy boundary model requires E(t),H(t)∈L2(Ω;R3) and defines its energy by the corresponding finite quadratic integral. Finite-energy PEC and impedance boundary formulation

[A1]

The adopted distributional vacuum Maxwell equations apply to the point-source model with div⁡E=ρ/ε0, div⁡B=0, curl⁡E=−∂tB, and curl⁡B=μ0J+c−2∂tE; μ0 has units H m−1 and c has units m s−1. Distributional vacuum Maxwell equations for the declared point and stationary-sheet sources Framework-local SI units, the vacuum constants and the exact/measured status of their values

[F4]

A stationary point charge has ρ=qδx0 and J=0; q is measured in coulombs under the framework's point-source and SI conventions. Distributional Maxwell equations with point and stationary-sheet sources Framework-local SI units, the vacuum constants and the exact/measured status of their values

[F5]

E and B are the electric and magnetic spatial vector fields of the framework, measured in V m−1 and tesla. The electric and magnetic fields as fixed-time spatial vector fields Framework-local SI units, the vacuum constants and the exact/measured status of their values

Counterexample

Given: The hypotheses above. Since x0∈Ω and Ω is open, choose R>0 metres with B‾R(x0)⊂Ω; in the energy estimate let δ range over 0<δ<R/2 metres.

1.1A1F1F4F5givenalgebra

Set E(x,t)=Eq(x) time-independently and put B=0, J=0. The field convention is [F5], and by [F4] the source is ρ=qδx0; [F1] gives local integrability, div⁡Eq=(q/ε0)δx0, and curl⁡Eq=0. Since ∂tE=∂tB=0, the other three equations listed in [A1] hold with both sides zero. This is a distributional vacuum Maxwell solution with the stated stationary point source.

1.2F2givenalgebra

The shell in [F2] with outer radius R/2 lies inside BR(x0). Nonnegativity of ∣Eq∣2 gives ε02∫BR(x0)∣Eq∣2 dλ3 ≥ q28πε0(1δ−2R) for every 0<δ<R/2. This lower bound is unbounded as δ↓0 because q2/ε0>0; thus each ball around x0 has infinite ordinary electric energy and uE∉L1 near the charge.

2.1F3step 1.1step 1.2contradiction∎

By [F3], a field with nonintegrable ordinary quadratic energy is outside the finite-energy boundary model, even though step 1.1 supplies its distributional Maxwell identities. This contradicts the refuted claim and proves the counterexample.

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