Alphabeta Math
DefinitionDefinition: AI-adaptedProof: Not applicablePipeline-generatedaudited 2026-09-22
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Integral of a measurable function against a projection-valued measure

Definition

Assume Countable Choice. Let E be a projection valued measure on the measurable space (X,Σ) acting on the complex Hilbert space H (Projection valued measure), and let f:X→C be Σ-measurable. Put D(f(E)):={x∈H:∫X∣f∣2 dEx<∞},Ex(B)=⟨E(B)x,x⟩, where the scalar measures Ex are those of Scalar and complex measures from a pvm, and for x∈D(f(E)) set f(E)x:=lim⁡n→∞ΦE(f 1{∣f∣≤n})x, For H≠{0}, the bounded integrals ΦE are those of Bounded borel pvm integral, and the limit is taken in the norm of H. For H={0}, define ΦE(g) to be the unique operator on H for every bounded measurable g. Then E0 is the zero measure, D(f(E))=H, and f(E)0=0. Thus this case is defined directly without applying a theorem requiring a nonzero space.

Well-definedness. D(f(E)) is a linear subspace: the estimate Ex+y≤2Ex+2Ey for scalar measures and Eαx=∣α∣2Ex follow from ∥E(B)(x+y)∥2≤2∥E(B)x∥2+2∥E(B)y∥2 and ∥E(B)αx∥2=∣α∣2∥E(B)x∥2. Writing fn:=f1{∣f∣≤n} the sets {∣f∣≤n} are measurable, so fn is bounded and measurable. For m,n≥N, ∣fn−fm∣2≤∣f∣21{∣f∣>N}. The integral of the right side against Ex tends to zero by Dominated convergence, with the integrable majorant ∣f∣2 and pointwise limit zero since f is finite-valued. Linearity of the bounded calculus (Pvm integral is a star homomorphism) and its quadratic identity give ∥ΦE(fn)x−ΦE(fm)x∥2=∫∣fn−fm∣2 dEx. These clauses hold directly on the zero space as well. Hence the truncation vectors are Cauchy and converge uniquely by Hilbert-space completeness (Hilbert space). The limit is linear in x because every truncation operator is linear and addition and scalar multiplication are norm-continuous. Countable Choice is inherited from the bounded PVM suppliers; no further choice is needed to take these specified limits.

Finally, if two Σ-measurable functions f,g agree outside a measurable set N with E(N)=0, then Ex(N)=∥E(N)x∥2=0 for every x. Thus the integrals of ∣f∣2 and ∣g∣2 agree, so their domains agree. At every truncation level their bounded truncations agree outside N; the quadratic identity applied to the difference gives equal truncation vectors for every x. Taking limits gives f(E)x=g(E)x on their common domain.

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