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ExampleConstruction: AI-adaptedVerification: AI-generatedPipeline-generatedprecheck passverified 2026-10-22 (gpt-6.1-sol)
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All-plus data have no finite Bernoulli-spin field MLE

Example

Let X={−1,+1}, w(−1)=w(+1)=1, and T(σ)=σ. For a finite field h∈R, the Gibbs probabilities are πh(+1)=eheh+e−h,πh(−1)=e−heh+e−h. For a sample of n≥1 spins all equal to +1, the log likelihood is ℓ(h)=n(h−log⁡(eh+e−h)). It is strictly increasing at every finite h, so the likelihood has no finite maximizer. The empirical statistic mean is 1, a boundary point of conv⁡{−1,+1}=[−1,1].

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The finite two-state Gibbs family and the hypothetical realized sample xi=+1 for all i.

[A1]

The sample is a fixed finite IID-model outcome; it is a mathematical example, not an empirical report.

[F1]

Finite exponential Gibbs family for inverse inference: the normalized mass at field h is proportional to ehT(σ).

[F2]

Exact finite-MLE criterion for a minimal finite exponential Gibbs family: in a minimal finite exponential family, a finite IID MLE exists exactly when the empirical statistic mean lies in the relative interior of the convex support, and is unique when it exists.

[F3]

The exponential function is smooth and (exp⁡)′=exp⁡: exp⁡ is differentiable on R with derivative exp⁡.

[F4]

The natural logarithm has derivative 1/x and equals the integral from 1 to x of 1/t: for s>0, log⁡ is differentiable with derivative 1/s.

[F5]

The chain rule, in one line from Carathéodory: if g is differentiable at c and f is differentiable at g(c), then f∘g is differentiable at c with (f∘g)′(c)=f′(g(c)) g′(c): derivatives of scalar compositions obey (f∘g)′(h)=f′(g(h))g′(h) under the stated differentiability and limit-point hypotheses.

[F7]

The natural logarithm as the inverse of the exponential function: exp⁡:R→(0,∞) is a bijection and log⁡ is its inverse, so log⁡(exp⁡h)=h for real h.

[F8]

Order, continuity, range, and the product, quotient, and reciprocal laws for the natural logarithm: for positive a,b, log⁡(ab)=log⁡a+log⁡b and log⁡(a/b)=log⁡a−log⁡b; log⁡ is strictly increasing on (0,∞).

[F9]

The mean value theorem, as the case g(x)=x of Cauchy's: for f continuous on [a,b] with a<b and differentiable on (a,b) there is c∈(a,b) with f(b)−f(a)=f′(c)(b−a): a real function continuous on [a,b], a<b, and differentiable on (a,b) satisfies f(b)−f(a)=f′(c)(b−a) for some c∈(a,b).

Verification

Given: The finite family and all-plus sample in the Example.

1.1A1F1F2algebra

The two statistic values are −1 and +1, so their affine hull is R, the family is minimal, the convex hull is [−1,1], and the sample mean is 1, which is not in its interior (−1,1). Hence [F2] already implies there is no finite MLE.

2.1A1F1F3F4F5F6F7F8F9step 1.1algebra∎

Let S(h)=eh+e−h. Both exponential terms and hence S(h) are positive by [F7]. For the fixed all-plus IID sample the product likelihood is L(h)=∏i=1nπh(+1)=(eh/S(h))n>0 by [A1, F1]. Applying the positive-product law [F8] repeatedly to these n≥1 factors, then its quotient law and the inverse identity [F7], gives log⁡L(h)=n(log⁡(eh)−log⁡S(h))=n(h−log⁡S(h))=ℓ(h). Since log⁡ is strictly increasing, this has exactly the same maximizers as L. By [F3] and [F5], the two exponential terms have derivatives eh and −e−h; [F6] therefore gives S′(h)=eh−e−h. The identity function has derivative 1 directly from its difference quotient. Applying the logarithm derivative [F4] and chain rule [F5] to this derived log likelihood gives ℓ′(h)=n(1−eh−e−heh+e−h)=2ne−heh+e−h>0 for every finite h. The derived formula is differentiable on all of R, hence continuous there: its increment is its convergent difference quotient times the real increment. For any h1<h2, [F9] applied on [h1,h2] gives ℓ(h2)−ℓ(h1)=ℓ′(c)(h2−h1)>0 for some c∈(h1,h2). Thus ℓ is strictly increasing; by [F8] the likelihood also increases. In particular each finite field has a larger likelihood at a greater field, and no finite field maximizes it.

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