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Conjugation is an involutive real-field automorphism, , and modulus is definite, multiplicative, and subadditive
Statement
Complex conjugation is a real-field automorphism satisfying For every ,
Facts & Assumptions
Given: and .
Complex numbers have unique real coordinates and the coordinate addition and multiplication formulas ( is a field, every element is uniquely , and every nonzero element has inverse ).
Conjugation and modulus are defined by and (Real and imaginary parts, complex conjugation, and modulus).
The real numbers are a complete ordered field (The Cauchy-sequence reals have the least-upper-bound property), and every nonnegative element of a complete ordered field has a unique nonnegative square root (Square roots exist: a unique with ; the positives are ).
For nonnegative elements of an ordered field, if and only if (Squaring is monotone on the nonnegatives).
The square of every nonzero element of an ordered field is positive (Squares of nonzero elements are positive).
Proof
Coordinate expansion using [F1] and [F2] proves the two homomorphism laws, that conjugation fixes every real number, and that applying it twice is the identity. Thus conjugation is an involutive real-field automorphism.
Direct multiplication gives .
Lagrange's identity gives The final inequality follows from [F5], with the zero case included.
By [F2] and [F3], . If , then ; conversely, makes , and [F5] forces .
Apply step 1.2 to and use step 1.1: . Both sides of are nonnegative, so uniqueness in [F3] proves multiplicativity.
Hence : if this follows from ; otherwise both quantities are nonnegative, step 1.3 and [F4] give the inequality after squaring.
Expanding with [F1] and [F2], then using step 3.2, gives
Both sides of are nonnegative, so [F4] turns the squared inequality in step 4.1 into the triangle inequality.
Depends on
Real and imaginary parts, complex conjugation, and modulus
is a field, every element is uniquely , and every nonzero element has inverse
The Cauchy-sequence reals have the least-upper-bound property
Square roots exist: a unique with ; the positives are
Squaring is monotone on the nonnegatives
Squares of nonzero elements are positive