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LemmaStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-12
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Complex integration by parts on intervals and decaying lines

Statement

Assume countable choice. For complex C1 functions u,v on [a,b], a<b, Lebesgue integration gives ∫abu′v=u(b)v(b)−u(a)v(a)−∫abuv′ and ∫abu′=u(b)−u(a). If instead u,v∈C1(R;C), u′v,uv′∈L1(R) and u(x)v(x)→0 as x→±∞, then ∫Ru′v=−∫Ruv′.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The stated functions, The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω), and the componentwise calculus/integration convention of Complex Lp classes and Euclidean test-function conventions.

[F2]

A bounded Riemann integrable real function on a closed interval has the same Lebesgue integral under countable choice (A bounded Riemann integrable function on a closed bounded interval is Lebesgue measurable and has the same integral).

[F4]

Dominated convergence applies to complex integrable functions (Dominated convergence).

Proof

1.1F1F2F3given

Write u=r+is, v=p+iq. Apply F1 to the four real pairs (r,p),(s,q),(r,q),(s,p). Subtract the second identity from the first and add i times the sum of the last two. Since u′v=(r′p−s′q)+i(r′q+s′p) and uv′=(rp′−sq′)+i(rq′+sp′), the result is the complex integration-by-parts identity. All integrands are continuous on the compact interval and hence bounded and Riemann integrable; F2 changes each real integral to a Lebesgue integral. Applying F3 to r,s and the same F2 gives the complex FTC. This is the sole countable-choice use here.

2.1F4step 1.1given∎

For the whole-line assertion apply step 1.1 on [−N,N]. The truncated products converge pointwise to u′v and uv′ and have integrable majorants ∣u′v∣ and ∣uv′∣. F4 gives convergence of both integrals; the boundary term u(N)v(N)−u(−N)v(−N) tends to zero by the two assumed limits. Passing to the limit proves the assertion. No separate integrability of u or v is required.

Depends on

Dependency tree · 2 levels

Sources