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Maxwell stress divergence for classical fields

Statement

Let M be a smooth Hausdorff, second-countable, oriented four-manifold, let g be a time-oriented C1 Lorentzian metric of signature (−,+,+,+), and let F be a real C1 two-form with dF=0. Use the connection and stress conventions of Electrovacuum tensor Cauchy system, interpreted here by their explicit coordinate formulas at this regularity. Fix μ0>0 and put

TabEM=μ0−1(FacFbc−14gabFcdFcd).

The Christoffel formula defines a continuous metric-compatible torsion-free connection, TEM is C1, and the following continuous pointwise identity holds:

∇a(TEM)ab=μ0−1Fbc∇aFac.

In particular, if a continuous vector field J satisfies ∇aFab=−μ0Jb, then ∇aTabEM=−FbcJc. For J=0 the stress is conserved. No Einstein equation, smoothness of F beyond C1, or global potential/exactness hypothesis is needed.

At each point, for a future unit normal n and a positively oriented orthonormal spatial basis (ei), set ei=F(ei,n) and bi=12ϵijkF(ej,ek), with ϵ123=1. The algebraic observer identities are

TEM(n,n)=∣e∣2+∣b∣22μ0,TEM(n,X)=−1μ0⟨e×b,X⟩

for every spatial X. These formulas have the same signs and normalization as the smooth electrovacuum convention. They assert no field existence or regularity threshold for a coupled PDE.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The C1 metric and closed two-form, positive μ0, and the continuous sourced-divergence hypothesis only when that conclusion is used.

[F1]

Electrovacuum tensor Cauchy system fixes TEM=μ0−1(FacFbc−14gabFcdFcd), F0i=−ei, Fij=ϵijkbk, and the sourced sign ∇aFab=−μ0Jb. Its smooth-field domain is not used to infer the classical identity below.

Proof

Proof technique: differentiate the explicit tensor and contract the closedness identity; check the observer projections by finite algebra.

1.1givenF1algebra

In a chart the inverse matrix of g is C1. Its Christoffel formula has continuous coefficients symmetric in its lower indices. Substitution into ∇agbc cancels the first metric derivatives and gives zero, so raising indices commutes with the connection on C1 tensors. The antisymmetrized connection terms also cancel, giving ∇aFbc+∇bFca+∇cFab=0 from dF=0. Multiplying by Fac and exchanging a,c in the third term gives 2Fac∇aFbc=12∂b(FcdFcd). Every term is continuous and uses only the stated first derivatives.

2.1givenF1step 1.1algebra

Raise the first stress index and differentiate by the product rule: ∇a(TEM)ab=μ0−1[(∇aFac)Fbc+Fac∇aFbc−14∂b(FcdFcd)]. The last two terms cancel by step 1.1. Inserting the sourced equation then gives −FbcJc; setting J=0 gives conservation. Metric compatibility identifies this with ∇aTabEM. Thus the identity holds at C1 without applying a smooth-only stress theorem.

3.1givenF1algebra∎

In the orthonormal basis, F0i=−ei and Fij=ϵijkbk, so FabFab=2(∣b∣2−∣e∣2). The 00 component of FacFbc is ∣e∣2, and its 0i component is −ejϵijkbk=−(e×b)i. Substitution into the stress formula gives its two displayed observer projections. All calculations are at a single point, require no derivatives of the basis, and apply also when either field is zero.

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