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Maxwell stress divergence for classical fields
Statement
Let be a smooth Hausdorff, second-countable, oriented four-manifold, let be a time-oriented Lorentzian metric of signature , and let be a real two-form with . Use the connection and stress conventions of Electrovacuum tensor Cauchy system, interpreted here by their explicit coordinate formulas at this regularity. Fix and put
The Christoffel formula defines a continuous metric-compatible torsion-free connection, is , and the following continuous pointwise identity holds:
In particular, if a continuous vector field satisfies , then . For the stress is conserved. No Einstein equation, smoothness of beyond , or global potential/exactness hypothesis is needed.
At each point, for a future unit normal and a positively oriented orthonormal spatial basis , set and , with . The algebraic observer identities are
for every spatial . These formulas have the same signs and normalization as the smooth electrovacuum convention. They assert no field existence or regularity threshold for a coupled PDE.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The metric and closed two-form, positive , and the continuous sourced-divergence hypothesis only when that conclusion is used.
Electrovacuum tensor Cauchy system fixes , , , and the sourced sign . Its smooth-field domain is not used to infer the classical identity below.
Proof
Proof technique: differentiate the explicit tensor and contract the closedness identity; check the observer projections by finite algebra.
In a chart the inverse matrix of is . Its Christoffel formula has continuous coefficients symmetric in its lower indices. Substitution into cancels the first metric derivatives and gives zero, so raising indices commutes with the connection on tensors. The antisymmetrized connection terms also cancel, giving from . Multiplying by and exchanging in the third term gives . Every term is continuous and uses only the stated first derivatives.
Raise the first stress index and differentiate by the product rule: . The last two terms cancel by step 1.1. Inserting the sourced equation then gives ; setting gives conservation. Metric compatibility identifies this with . Thus the identity holds at without applying a smooth-only stress theorem.
In the orthonormal basis, and , so . The component of is , and its component is . Substitution into the stress formula gives its two displayed observer projections. All calculations are at a single point, require no derivatives of the basis, and apply also when either field is zero.