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A finite rectangle cover admits grid control with arbitrarily small volume excess
Statement
If is a closed nondegenerate rectangle and is covered by finitely many axis-parallel rectangles of total volume , then for every there is a grid of such that the cells meeting have total volume below .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A finite rectangle cover and .
Cube volume is an integer power and is continuous in the side length (Integer powers , Sums, scalar multiples, products, absolute values, maxima, minima and quotients with nonvanishing denominator of continuous functions are continuous, as are constants, the identity and every polynomial function, Continuity of at a point of and on : the - condition, its agreement with at a limit point, and continuity at an isolated point).
Grids, cell volumes, and splitting are Grid partitions of a rectangle in , their cells, refinements and mesh, Axis-parallel rectangles in and their volume, Finite sums and finite products, by recursion, and Laws of finite sums and finite products.
Proof
Intersect each covering rectangle with . Each nonempty intersection is a closed coordinate rectangle with volume no larger than the original rectangle. If some , the one-cell grid already has total meeting-cell volume , so assume otherwise. Move every coordinate face of each that is not already a face of outward by a positive margin, staying inside , so that the resulting rectangle has volume increase below a prescribed share of . Continuity of the finite volume product and finiteness make the total increase below ; because no equals , at least one face of every moves, and the finite set of chosen margins has a positive least member.
Insert every endpoint of every into the coordinate grids, then refine to mesh smaller than the least margin using For every in a complete ordered field there is a natural with . If a closed cell meets , each of its coordinate intervals lies inside the corresponding enlarged interval: away from a face of this follows from the mesh-margin bound, while at a face of there is no cell on the outside. Hence that cell lies in .
Assign each cell meeting to one that it meets. By step 2.1 it lies in the aligned rectangle . Splitting the iterated sums bounds the assigned cells' total volume by .
The constructed grid has the asserted control.
Depends on
Measure zero and content zero in by countable and finite cube covers
Grid partitions of a rectangle in , their cells, refinements and mesh
Axis-parallel rectangles in and their volume
Finite sums and finite products, by recursion
Laws of finite sums and finite products
Integer powers
Sums, scalar multiples, products, absolute values, maxima, minima and quotients with nonvanishing denominator of continuous functions are continuous, as are constants, the identity and every polynomial function
Continuity of at a point of and on : the - condition, its agreement with at a limit point, and continuity at an isolated point
Every nonempty finite set of reals has a maximum and a minimum
Maximum and minimum of a set
The principle of mathematical induction
For every in a complete ordered field there is a natural with