How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
A nonzero complex derivative gives a local biholomorphism
Statement
If is holomorphic near and , then is biholomorphic between neighbourhoods of and .
On suitable complex domains and with and , the restriction is biholomorphic (Biholomorphic maps between complex domains), and its inverse satisfies
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A holomorphic function on an open neighbourhood of with . Holomorphic functions are smooth as real maps near (Holomorphic functions are real analytic and smooth in their two real coordinates).
For a holomorphic map , its real Jacobian determinant is , and this determinant is positive exactly where (The Jacobian determinant of a holomorphic map is and is positive exactly where ).
If a map between open subsets of has invertible derivative at , then it restricts to a bijection between open neighbourhoods, whose inverse satisfies (The Euclidean inverse function theorem).
A real totally differentiable plane map is complex differentiable exactly when its real derivative is multiplication by a complex number; that number is its complex derivative (Complex differentiability is equivalent to real total differentiability together with a complex-linear derivative, with , or with the Cauchy–Riemann equations).
A continuous image of a connected space is connected (A continuous image of a connected space is connected, and connectedness is a topological property, claim 1).
A segment that lies in a subset is a continuous path in , and a path-connected subset of a topological space is a connected subset (A finite concatenation of straight segments in is a continuous path, Every path-connected space is connected, and every path component lies inside a component, claim 2).
Proof
By [L1], , so the real derivative is invertible.
Apply [L2] to the underlying smooth real map: there are open neighbourhoods of and of such that is bijective with a inverse .
At every , the derivative is multiplication by by [L3], and it is invertible by the inverse-function construction. Hence is multiplication by ; [L3] makes complex differentiable there with the displayed derivative.
Choose a disc centred at with closure contained in , and put . The disc is nonempty and open, and the triangle inequality keeps the segment between any two of its points inside it, so [L5] makes connected and hence a complex domain. The homeomorphism makes open, while [L4] makes it connected as the continuous image of . Thus and are complex domains, and steps 2.1 and 3.1 show that and its inverse are holomorphic. Hence is biholomorphic.
Depends on
Holomorphic functions are real analytic and smooth in their two real coordinates
The Jacobian determinant of a holomorphic map is and is positive exactly where
The Euclidean inverse function theorem
Complex differentiability is equivalent to real total differentiability together with a complex-linear derivative, with , or with the Cauchy–Riemann equations
A continuous image of a connected space is connected, and connectedness is a topological property
Biholomorphic maps between complex domains
A finite concatenation of straight segments in is a continuous path
Every path-connected space is connected, and every path component lies inside a component