How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Loops over a two-set path-connected open cover factor through the covering sets
Statement
Let , where and are open path-connected subsets of , let be path-connected, and fix . If and are the inclusions, then every element of is a finite product of elements in the images of
Equivalently, these two images generate (Based loops and the fundamental group, The homomorphism on fundamental groups induced by a pointed continuous map).
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The cover, basepoint, and inclusion maps in the Statement, and a based loop at .
If an open cover of a compact metric space has Lebesgue number , every nonempty subset of diameter less than lies in one cover member (Every open cover of a compact metric space has a Lebesgue number: a such that every nonempty subset of diameter less than lies inside a single member of the cover).
A space is path-connected when every pair of its points is joined by a path in that space (Paths, path-connected spaces and path components).
Loop concatenation is well defined on path-homotopy classes and makes a group, with constant-loop identity and path-reversal inverses (Loop classes form the group under concatenation).
A natural-number-indexed finite family of nonempty sets has a choice function, without any choice axiom (Every natural-number-indexed list of nonempty sets has a choice function on its family of values).
A map is continuous exactly when the preimage of every open set is open (For a map of spaces the following agree: continuity at every point, preimages of open sets open, preimages of closed sets closed, preimages of subbasic open sets open, and ).
The closed interval is a compact subset of the usual metric real line (Heine-Borel in : with the Euclidean metric a subset of is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded, and the proof by bisection uses no choice principle; the same holds on the real line).
For every real there is a natural with (For every in a complete ordered field there is a natural with ).
A composite of continuous maps is continuous (Continuity may be checked on any open cover, and on any finite closed cover; composites of continuous maps are continuous).
Proof
By [F5], and form an open cover of the compact metric interval . Choose a Lebesgue number by [F1], then choose with by [F7] and use the subdivision . Each restricted path , reparametrized to , is continuous by [F8] and lies wholly in or wholly in ; assign it to if its image lies in , and to otherwise. Merge adjacent pieces assigned to the same set. After merging, every interior subdivision value lies in ; the construction also admits the constant loop and the case of one retained piece.
Put . For each remaining interior vertex, [F2] makes the family of paths in from to nonempty, so [F4] supplies paths for the finitely many vertices. If lies in , then is a based loop in .
In the product , every adjacent pair cancels up to endpoint-fixed path homotopy, and the outside connectors are constant. Thus [F3] gives . For this is the single factor , and for a constant loop it is the identity, so every loop class has the asserted factorization.
Depends on
Based loops and the fundamental group
Loop classes form the group under concatenation
The homomorphism on fundamental groups induced by a pointed continuous map
Paths, path-connected spaces and path components
Every open cover of a compact metric space has a Lebesgue number: a such that every nonempty subset of diameter less than lies inside a single member of the cover
Heine-Borel in : with the Euclidean metric a subset of is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded, and the proof by bisection uses no choice principle; the same holds on the real line
Continuity may be checked on any open cover, and on any finite closed cover; composites of continuous maps are continuous
Every natural-number-indexed list of nonempty sets has a choice function on its family of values
For a map of spaces the following agree: continuity at every point, preimages of open sets open, preimages of closed sets closed, preimages of subbasic open sets open, and
For every in a complete ordered field there is a natural with