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The current differential is continuous and squares to zero

Statement

Let X be a compact oriented smooth n-manifold without boundary and let T be a degree-k de Rham current as in De Rham currents of compact oriented source cycles. Then dT is a continuous current of degree k+1 and d2T=0, with the zero-current convention at degrees outside 0,…,n.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The manifold X, the degree k, and a continuous linear functional T:Ωn−k(X)→R.

[F1]

De Rham currents of compact oriented source cycles defines degree-k currents as continuous linear functionals on Ωn−k(X) and sets dT(η)=(−1)k+1T(dη).

[F2]

The local coordinate formula for the exterior derivative gives d(∑IfI dxI)=∑IdfI∧dxI in every smooth chart.

[F3]

The exterior derivative squares to zero states d(dη)=0 for every smooth form η.

Proof

Given: Use the seminorms defining the C∞ topology in [F1].

1.1F1F2givenalgebra

If k=n, then dT=0 by the convention in [F1], hence it is continuous. Suppose k<n. In a chart, [F2] expresses each coefficient of dη as a finite signed sum of first partial derivatives of coefficients of η. Therefore, for every compact coordinate set K and order m, the order-m seminorm of dη on K is bounded by a finite constant times the order-(m+1) seminorms of η on the same set. Since T is continuous, continuity at zero and linearity give finitely many seminorms pj and a constant C with ∣T(ξ)∣≤Cmax⁡jpj(ξ): continuity supplies a neighborhood on which ∣T∣<1, and scaling any nonzero ξ into that neighborhood gives the bound. Applying it to ξ=dη proves that η↦(−1)k+1T(dη) is continuous. Thus dT is a current.

2.1F1F3step 1.1givenalgebra∎

If k<n−1, then for every ζ∈Ωn−k−2(X), applying the definition twice gives ⟨d2T,ζ⟩=(−1)k+2⟨dT,dζ⟩=(−1)k+2(−1)k+1⟨T,d2ζ⟩=0 by [F3]. If k=n−1, then dT has degree n and its differential is zero by the top-degree convention in [F1]. If k=n, then dT=0 already by [F1]. Hence d2T=0 also at both endpoints.

Depends on

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