Alphabeta Math
LemmaStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-10
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The de rham mayer vietoris difference map is surjective

Statement

Assume countable choice. The difference map s:Ωk(U)⊕Ωk(V)→Ωk(U∩V) is surjective in every degree.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: An open cover M=U∪V, a smooth form ω on U∩V, and countable choice.

[F1]

Two open set de rham mayer vietoris cochain maps: For an open cover M=U∪V, put W=U∩V. The two-open-set de Rham maps are r:Ω∙(M)→Ω∙(U)⊕Ω∙(V), rω=(ω∣U,ω∣V), and s:Ω∙(U)⊕Ω∙(V)→Ω∙(W), s(α,β)=β∣W−α∣W. The complexes are def-de-rham-cochain-complex. Restrictions are pullbacks along open inclusions, so prop-pullback-is-a-morphism-of-de-rham-complexes gives dr=rd and ds=sd. Both maps are real linear. The middle differential acts componentwise. Empty opens have zero form spaces. The order second minus first fixes the sign of every connecting map below.

[F2]

Smooth partitions of unity exist on manifolds: Every open cover of a smooth manifold admits a smooth partition of unity subordinate to it.

[F3]

The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω): The Axiom of Countable Choice, written ACω, is the following statement. > For every family (Xn)n∈N of nonempty sets indexed by > N there is a function f with domain N such that > f(n)∈Xn for every n∈N. Equivalently, in the vocabulary of def-choice-function: every at most countable family of nonempty sets (def-countable) has a choice function.

Proof

technique · direct
1.1F2F3given

The partition construction supplies a locally finite family (ϕi) with nonnegative smooth terms summing to one and each closed support contained in U or V. Its countable-choice implementation uses all admissible coordinate-ball tuples; a fixed countable basis and countable choice select covering tuple representatives. For unions Hr of their first r compact closures, take least larger indices giving Hr⊆int⁡Hr′. For the resulting exhaustion Km, the compact annulus Km∖int⁡Km−1 has a finite covering list of nested chart pairs inside selected balls and inside int⁡Km+1∖Km−2. Countable choice selects these finite lists and their countably many bumps. The annulus separation makes their supports locally finite, and division by their positive smooth sum gives (ϕi). All eligible tuples are formed before selection; least-index recursion uses no dependent choice.

2.1step 1.1

Assign i to U if supp⁡ϕi⊆U, and to V otherwise. Set ρU=∑i assigned to Uϕi and ρV=∑i assigned to Vϕi. Locally these are finite smooth sums and they sum to one. Each grouped union of closed supports is closed by local finiteness and lies in its assigned open, so supp⁡ρU⊆U and supp⁡ρV⊆V.

3.1F1step 2.1∎

Define α=−ρVω on U∩V and zero on U∖supp⁡ρV. These two open sets cover U, and the expressions agree where they overlap; hence α is a smooth form on U. Similarly β=ρUω on the overlap and zero on V∖supp⁡ρU is smooth on V. On the overlap, β−α=(ρU+ρV)ω=ω, proving surjectivity. Empty overlap or out-of-range degree has only ω=0, lifted by (0,0); empty M uses the empty family.

Source locator

Lee, Theorem 17.20, pp.449–450, and its full proof pp.462–463. This page reverses Lee’s difference convention consistently: s(α,β)=β−α.

Depends on

Dependency tree · 2 levels

Sources