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An equidimensional C1 map sends null sets to null sets

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice. Let F:Mm→Nm be a C1 map between smooth manifolds of the same dimension. If E⊆M is null, then F(E)⊆N is null.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The Axiom of Countable Choice, a C1 map F:Mm→Nm and a null subset E⊆M.

[L0]

Under Countable Choice, each smooth manifold admits a countable smooth atlas with relatively compact chart domains (Assuming Countable Choice, every smooth manifold admits a countable smooth atlas with relatively compact domains).

[L1]

Under Countable Choice, countable chart atlases of M and N detect manifold nullity (A countable chart cover detects manifold null sets, The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω)).

[L3]

A Lipschitz map of all of Rm into Rm sends null sets to null sets (A Lipschitz map Rm→Rm sends null sets to null sets).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1L0L1givencases

If m=0, then nullity means emptiness by [L1], so E=∅ and the claim follows. Assume m≥1. By [L0] under the stated Countable Choice, take countable chart atlases (Uj,φj) of M and (Vk,ψk) of N. For each pair (j,k), the set Djk:=φj(Uj∩F−1(Vk)) is open in Rm and the coordinate map fjk:=ψk∘F∘φj−1 is C1 on Djk.

2.1L1L2L3step 1.1construct

For every (j,k), enumerate the nondegenerate closed cubes with rational endpoints whose closures lie in Djk. Their interiors cover Djk, and the family is countable. For each such closed cube Q, choose an open convex cube Q′ with Q⊂Q′ and Q′‾⊂Djk. The derivative of fjk is bounded on Q′‾ by [L2]. Apply the mean-value inequality on the open convex set Q′, and extend its estimate to Q′‾ by continuity; in particular fjk∣Q is Lipschitz. Define πQ:Rm→Q by clamping each coordinate to its interval; each scalar clamp is 1-Lipschitz, so πQ is 1-Lipschitz in Euclidean norm and fixes Q. Hence fjk∘πQ is Lipschitz on all of Rm. The set AjkQ:=φj(E∩Uj)∩Q is null by [L1], so [L3] makes fjk(AjkQ)=(fjk∘πQ)(AjkQ) null.

3.1L1step 1.1step 2.1algebra∎

Fix k. Every point of ψk(F(E)∩Vk) comes from some p∈E∩Uj∩F−1(Vk), and φj(p) lies in the interior of one of the cubes from step 2.1. Thus ψk(F(E)∩Vk) is contained in the countable union of the null sets fjk(AjkQ) over j,Q. Countable subadditivity makes it null. Since this holds for each k, [L1] detects F(E) as null in N.

Depends on

Dependency tree · 2 levels

Sources