How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
An equidimensional map sends null sets to null sets
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice. Let be a map between smooth manifolds of the same dimension. If is null, then is null.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The Axiom of Countable Choice, a map and a null subset .
Under Countable Choice, each smooth manifold admits a countable smooth atlas with relatively compact chart domains (Assuming Countable Choice, every smooth manifold admits a countable smooth atlas with relatively compact domains).
Under Countable Choice, countable chart atlases of and detect manifold nullity (A countable chart cover detects manifold null sets, The Axiom of Countable Choice ()).
A continuous derivative is bounded on each compact Euclidean cube, and the mean-value inequality makes its map Lipschitz there (A continuous real-valued function on a nonempty compact metric space is bounded and attains a greatest and a least value, On a convex open set, a uniform bound implies ).
A Lipschitz map of all of into sends null sets to null sets (A Lipschitz map sends null sets to null sets).
Proof
If , then nullity means emptiness by [L1], so and the claim follows. Assume . By [L0] under the stated Countable Choice, take countable chart atlases of and of . For each pair , the set is open in and the coordinate map is on .
For every , enumerate the nondegenerate closed cubes with rational endpoints whose closures lie in . Their interiors cover , and the family is countable. For each such closed cube , choose an open convex cube with and . The derivative of is bounded on by [L2]. Apply the mean-value inequality on the open convex set , and extend its estimate to by continuity; in particular is Lipschitz. Define by clamping each coordinate to its interval; each scalar clamp is -Lipschitz, so is -Lipschitz in Euclidean norm and fixes . Hence is Lipschitz on all of . The set is null by [L1], so [L3] makes null.
Fix . Every point of comes from some , and lies in the interior of one of the cubes from step 2.1. Thus is contained in the countable union of the null sets over . Countable subadditivity makes it null. Since this holds for each , [L1] detects as null in .
Depends on
A countable chart cover detects manifold null sets
Assuming Countable Choice, every smooth manifold admits a countable smooth atlas with relatively compact domains
On a convex open set, a uniform bound implies
A continuous real-valued function on a nonempty compact metric space is bounded and attains a greatest and a least value
A Lipschitz map sends null sets to null sets
The Axiom of Countable Choice ()