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Every at most countable subset of is Lebesgue null; in particular
Statement
Let and assume the Axiom of Countable Choice (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()). Every at most countable subset (Finite, countably infinite, countable, uncountable) is Lebesgue measurable with
so is a -null set (Measure-null sets and almost-everywhere statements relative to a measure). In particular every singleton is null, and on the real line the set of rational reals (The rationals embed densely in the reals) satisfies .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A natural number , the Axiom of Countable Choice, and an at most countable set .
Every set with is Lebesgue measurable with , and this gives measure to all of them whenever for some (A box in with parameters is Lebesgue measurable of measure , whichever of its faces are included).
Assuming countable choice, is a sigma-algebra and is a complete measure on it (Assuming countable choice, is a sigma-algebra containing every elementary set and is a complete measure extending elementary volume).
is at most countable if it is finite or countably infinite (Finite, countably infinite, countable, uncountable); a nonempty is at most countable if and only if there is a surjection (A nonempty set is at most countable iff it is a surjective image of ).
For a measure and measurable , (Finite and countable subadditivity of measures).
: the rationals are countably infinite ( is countably infinite), and denotes the image of in under the canonical order-preserving field embedding (The rationals embed densely in the reals).
A measurable set is -null if (Measure-null sets and almost-everywhere statements relative to a measure); a sigma-algebra is closed under countable unions (Sigma-algebras).
Proof
A singleton is the closed rectangle , whose sides all satisfy , so it is Lebesgue measurable with .
The empty set is Lebesgue measurable with measure .
Let be nonempty and at most countable and fix a surjection ; then is a countable union of measurable sets, hence measurable, and countable subadditivity gives .
Steps 1.2 and 2.1 cover both cases, and is a countably infinite subset of , so .
Depends on
A box in with parameters is Lebesgue measurable of measure , whichever of its faces are included
Assuming countable choice, is a sigma-algebra containing every elementary set and is a complete measure extending elementary volume
Finite, countably infinite, countable, uncountable
is countably infinite
The rationals embed densely in the reals
A nonempty set is at most countable iff it is a surjective image of
Finite and countable subadditivity of measures
Measure-null sets and almost-everywhere statements relative to a measure
Sigma-algebras
The Axiom of Countable Choice ()
Axis-parallel rectangles in and their volume