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Exact ideal emitter mass ODE and entropy accounting

Statement

Assume the exact Planck energy and coarse entropy flux formulas of Actual photon box trace and Planck energy/entropy flux. Fix model constants G,c,ℏ,kB>0 in SI units, with units respectively m3 kg−1 s−2, m s−1, J s, and J K−1. Fix a normalization of the asymptotic time and energy reference, a dimensionless fraction 0<η≤1, an initial mass M0>0 in kilograms, a cutoff 0<Mmin⁡<M0, and an entropy offset S0∈R in joules per kelvin. Let M(t)>0 be a C1 mass function on an interval containing 0 and its first cutoff time, with M(0)=M0. For each M>0 define the model quantities rH=2GMc2,AH=4πrH2,κ=c24GM,T∞=ℏcκ2πkB,SB(M)=kBc3AH4Gℏ+S0. Here rH is in metres, AH in square metres, κ is the fixed-reference inverse-length parameter in inverse metres, T∞ is in kelvins, and S0 is a fixed entropy offset in joules per kelvin. Adopt an effective far-field emitter with area Aeff=ηAH and power P=AeffσT∞4 in watts, where σ is the coefficient in Actual photon box trace and Planck energy/entropy flux. Adopt the mass-balance equation c2M′(t)=−P(t), with t in seconds measured by the fixed asymptotic time parameter; terminate the model at the first time M(t)=Mmin⁡. Then the exact solution until that cutoff is M(t)=(M03−3αt)1/3,α=ηℏc415360πG2,τ=M03−Mmin⁡33α. The parameter α has units kg3 s−1. The model exports energy c2(M0−Mmin⁡) in joules through cutoff. Define its coarse exported entropy by Srad(t)=∫0t(4/3)P(t′)/T∞(t′) dt′, in joules per kelvin. Then SB(M0)−SB(Mmin⁡)>0. Srad(τ)=43[SB(M0)−SB(Mmin⁡)]. Δ(SB+Srad)=13[SB(M0)−SB(Mmin⁡)]≥0, where Δ(SB+Srad)=SB(Mmin⁡)+Srad(τ)−SB(M0) and Srad(0)=0. This is an exact conditional calculation in the fixed-reference effective-area model. It is not a theorem about a material patch of a null horizon, an exact time-dependent Einstein solution, quantum backreaction, reference-independent Stefan emission, or a universal generalized second law.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The Planck energy and coarse entropy flux equalities of Actual photon box trace and Planck energy/entropy flux; constants G,c,ℏ,kB>0 with the SI units stated above; S0∈R, 0<η≤1, M0>0, and 0<Mmin⁡<M0; the fixed asymptotic normalization; a positive C1 mass function M with M(0)=M0 through its first Mmin⁡-cutoff; and the definitions, mass-balance equation, and cutoff convention in the Statement.

[F1]

Actual photon box trace and Planck energy/entropy flux, Statement: in its explicitly defined isotropic ray model, F=σT4 and FS=(4/3)F/T, with σ=π2kB4/(60ℏ3c2). The present Statement explicitly assumes these two flux formulas and their displayed coefficient; only those equalities are used in this conditional ODE accounting. Constructing the photon trace and proving the formulas by that supplier requires its explicit Countable Choice premise, but the elementary implication from the assumed formulas to the present mass/entropy identities does not invoke that construction.

[A1]

The relation c2M′=−P and the proportional effective area are adopted definitions of this mathematical model, not consequences about actual gravitational dynamics.

[A2]

The asymptotic generator, energy, time, and temperature normalization is held fixed over 0≤t≤τ; no alternative normalization is silently substituted into the flux law.

Proof

1.1givenA2algebra

Substitution of rH=2GM/c2 gives AH=16πG2M2/c4, κ=c2/(4GM), T∞=ℏc3/(8πGMkB), and SB(M)=4πkBGM2/(ℏc)+S0. Differentiating the last expression yields T∞ dSB/dM=c2.

2.1givenA1F1step 1.1algebra

By [F1] the effective-area power is P=ηAHσT∞4=ηℏc6/(15360πG2M2). The adopted balance equation [A1] is therefore M′=−αM−2 with α=ηℏc4/(15360πG2)>0.

3.1givenstep 2.1algebra

Along any positive solution, (M3)′=3M2M′=−3α, hence the initial condition forces M(t)3=M03−3αt. The positive cube root is differentiable and satisfies the ODE until it reaches the positive cutoff, giving the stated solution and time τ=(M03−Mmin⁡3)/(3α). This also proves uniqueness among positive solutions because every such solution has the same cube.

3.2givenstep 1.1step 2.1algebra

Integrating P=−c2M′ from 0 to τ gives ∫0τP dt=c2(M0−Mmin⁡). Differentiating SB(M(t)) and using step 1.1 and M′=−P/c2 yields SB′=−P/T∞.

4.1givenA1F1step 1.1step 3.2algebra∎

The entropy flux in [F1], multiplied by the stated area Aeff, is Srad′=(4/3)P/T∞. Thus (SB+Srad)′=P/(3T∞)≥0 and integration gives the two endpoint entropy formulas. Since SB(M)=4πkBGM2/(ℏc)+S0 has positive quadratic coefficient and M0>Mmin⁡>0, its difference is positive and the offset cancels. No physical generalized-second-law conclusion follows beyond this stipulated model.

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