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Convolution with a mollifier is smooth, and derivatives pass under the integral sign
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()).
Let be locally integrable, let have mass , and let be the associated mollifier. Then for every , the convolution
is smooth, and for every multi-index ,
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Countable Choice, a locally integrable function , a unit-mass smooth bump, and .
The mollifier family is defined in The mollifier family generated by a unit-mass smooth bump.
Differentiation under the integral sign is available (Differentiation under the integral sign).
Multi-index notation and Euclidean smoothness are fixed in maps and multi-index derivative notation in Euclidean space.
Products and sums of finite measurable real functions are measurable; applying this to real and imaginary parts gives the complex version (Arithmetic and lattice operations preserve measurability whenever they are defined).
Dominated convergence passes pointwise limits through integrals under an integrable absolute majorant (Dominated convergence).
Under Countable Choice, Lebesgue measure is a complete measure, so the integral theorems apply on its measure space (Assuming countable choice, is a sigma-algebra containing every elementary set and is a complete measure extending elementary volume).
Proof
Fix and . Choose with and put . Every derivative of vanishes off its support. Thus, for , all translated kernel derivatives vanish when . Each derivative is bounded by a finite constant , since it is continuous with compact support.
For each multi-index define . At fixed , the integrand is Lebesgue measurable by [L4], because is measurable and the translated kernel derivative is continuous. On its absolute value is bounded by , which is integrable by local integrability. Consequently every is well-defined. If in , continuity of the kernel gives pointwise convergence of the integrands; [L5] with this same majorant gives . Thus every is continuous locally, hence globally since was arbitrary.
Fix and a coordinate . For , the integrand is integrable, differentiable in , and has measurable derivative. The derivative is bounded by on this interval. Therefore [L2] yields . This identity holds for every .
Since , repeated use of step 3.1 gives every ordered iterated derivative of as the integral of against the corresponding derivative of the smooth kernel. All these integrals are continuous by step 2.1. Hence by [L3], and in particular for every multi-index .
Depends on
The mollifier family generated by a unit-mass smooth bump
Arithmetic and lattice operations preserve measurability whenever they are defined
Differentiation under the integral sign
Dominated convergence
maps and multi-index derivative notation in Euclidean space
The Axiom of Countable Choice ()
Assuming countable choice, is a sigma-algebra containing every elementary set and is a complete measure extending elementary volume