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Identity theorem for holomorphic functions
Statement
If two holomorphic functions on a complex domain agree on a set with an accumulation point in the domain, then they agree everywhere on the domain.
Precisely, let be a complex domain (A complex domain is a nonempty connected open subset of ), let be holomorphic, and suppose that some is an accumulation point of . Then on . The requirement is essential.
Statement references
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A complex domain , holomorphic functions , an accumulation point of their agreement set, and the holomorphic difference supplied by Linearity, product, reciprocal, and quotient rules for complex derivatives. A nonempty subset of a connected space that is both open and closed is the whole space (Separation of a topological space, connected and disconnected spaces, clopen sets, and connected subsets).
For a holomorphic function on an open set , the set of points having a neighbourhood on which vanishes is both open and closed in (The locally zero locus of a holomorphic function is clopen).
A holomorphic function has finite order at exactly when it factors near as with ; its order is exactly when it vanishes on a neighbourhood of (The order of a zero is the exponent in its local holomorphic factorization).
If is complex differentiable at , then is continuous at (Complex differentiability at a point implies continuity there).
Proof
The function vanishes at points arbitrarily close to . If it had finite order there, [L2] would give with , and [L3] would make nonzero on a smaller neighbourhood; then would have no zeros there other than possibly , contrary to accumulation. Hence has infinite order at , so [L2] makes it vanish on a neighbourhood of .
By [L1], the locally zero locus of is open and closed in ; it is nonempty by step 1.1. Since is connected, that locus is all of .
Therefore for every , which means throughout .
Remarks
The accumulation point must belong to the domain. Accumulation only at a boundary point does not force identity, as the companion counterexample shows.
Depends on
The locally zero locus of a holomorphic function is clopen
The order of a zero is the exponent in its local holomorphic factorization
Linearity, product, reciprocal, and quotient rules for complex derivatives
Complex differentiability at a point implies continuity there
Interior, closure, boundary, limit point, isolated point and dense subset of a metric space
A complex domain is a nonempty connected open subset of
Separation of a topological space, connected and disconnected spaces, clopen sets, and connected subsets