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Scalar line integrals are parametrization-independent; vector line integrals retain orientation and change sign when it reverses
Statement
Let be piecewise-, and let be an oriented piecewise- reparametrization. For continuous fields on the trace,
If preserves orientation, then
whereas if reverses orientation, then
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The path, reparametrization, and continuous fields in the Statement.
An oriented reparametrization has nondegenerate source and target intervals and is a continuous piecewise- bijection with nonvanishing derivative of fixed sign on its smooth pieces; bijectivity excludes multiple coverings (Reversal, concatenation, closed paths, and oriented piecewise-C1 reparametrizations).
The scalar integrand contains the speed norm, while the vector integrand contains the oriented velocity (Scalar line integrals with respect to arc length and vector-field line integrals).
The line-integral sums are unchanged by refinement of an admissible partition (The piecewise-C1 line-integral sums do not depend on the admissible partition).
If is differentiable with integrable derivative and is continuous on an interval containing its image, then with oriented limits (Substitution: if is differentiable on with integrable and is continuous on an interval containing , then ).
The total-derivative chain rule is (The chain rule for total derivatives: ).
Proof
Refine at the breakpoints of and at their preimages of the breakpoints of . On each resulting interval, [L5] gives . The refinements do not alter either line integral by [L3].
For the scalar integrand, step 1.1 gives
For the vector integrand, step 1.1 and bilinearity give
When is increasing, and [L4] identifies the sum of these integrals with . When is decreasing, and the reversal of the oriented substitution limits supplies the second minus sign. Thus the scalar equality holds in both cases.
Applying [L4] piece by piece to step 2.2 gives the same oriented integral when , and its negative when . These are respectively the orientation-preserving and orientation-reversing cases in [L1].
Steps 3.1 and 3.2 prove all three formulas. The nondegenerate-interval, nonzero-derivative, and bijectivity hypotheses in [L1] rule out singleton reparametrizations, pauses, and multiple traversals.
Depends on
Reversal, concatenation, closed paths, and oriented piecewise-C1 reparametrizations
Scalar line integrals with respect to arc length and vector-field line integrals
The piecewise-C1 line-integral sums do not depend on the admissible partition
Substitution: if is differentiable on with integrable and is continuous on an interval containing , then
The chain rule for total derivatives: