How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Every nonempty path-connected locally path-connected semilocally simply connected space has a universal cover
Statement
Every nonempty path-connected, locally path-connected, semilocally simply connected space has a universal covering space.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The objects, hypotheses, and choice principles stated above.
If is nonempty, path-connected, locally path-connected, and semilocally simply connected, then after a basepoint is fixed the path-class basic sets define a topology on for which the endpoint projection is a covering map. (For a nonempty path-connected locally path-connected semilocally simply connected space, the path-class projection is a covering map).
A universal covering space of is a covering map whose total space is simply connected (def-covering-map-and-evenly-covered-neighbourhoods, def-simply-connected). (Universal covering spaces).
A topological space is simply connected when it is nonempty and path-connected (def-path-connected) and, for every , the group has exactly one element. (Simply connected topological spaces).
For a covering , the induced homomorphism is injective. (A covering map induces an injective homomorphism on fundamental groups).
Proof
Use the path-class projection, already proved to be a covering.
The path-class space is nonempty and path-connected by truncating representatives.
A loop upstairs projects to a loop whose path-class endpoint is the starting class, hence to the trivial element downstairs; injectivity of the fundamental-group map then makes every upstairs loop nullhomotopic.
Thus the total space is simply connected.
The preceding construction and implications establish the assertion.