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The global Dirichlet mean-curvature map is continuously differentiable

Statement

Work in ZFC. Fix 0<α<1 and −1<β<0. Let Σ⊂M be a supplied smooth embedded three-dimensional exterior with compact smooth boundary S, fixed compact-chart data and a fixed spatial end chart x. Use the weighted Hölder norms for these fixed data, with derivatives continuous up to the boundary, and put Xβ={w∈Cβ4,α(Σ):w∣S=0} and Yβ=Cβ−22,α(Σ). Equip R×Xβ with the sum norm ∥(s,v)∥=∣s∣+∥v∥Cβ4,α.

Let q∗∈I⊂R, where I is open, and let (M,gq,Nq,T) be stationary Lorentzian data on a common neighborhood of Σ. The metrics and time orientations are jointly smooth in q and the ambient coordinates, and T is a common stationary field. Assume Σ is spacelike and maximal for gq∗. All smooth data at S are smooth up to the boundary through local extensions. Supply a common stationary product diffeomorphism Ψ:Rt×{x∈R3:r=∣x∣>R0}→U⊂M, with T=Ψ∗∂t future timelike for every q and Σ∩U={Ψ(u∗(x),x):r>R0}. Its spatial chart agrees with the fixed end chart of Σ, whose complement is compact, and the metric coefficients are independent of t.

In this common chart assume gq,00=−c(q)2+eq,00, gq,ij=b(q)2δij+eq,ij and gq,0i=eq,0i, where b,c are smooth positive functions and 1≤i,j≤3. On a compact interval J⊂I with q∗ in its interior, the errors and their first parameter derivatives satisfy the common differentiated bounds eq,00,eq,ij=O5(r−1) and eq,0i=O5(r−2). Require also that q↦(eq,00,eq,ij) is C1 in the annular C−14,α norm and q↦eq,0i is C1 in the annular C−24,α norm. These are explicit uniform end hypotheses. The fixed smooth reference height satisfies u∗∈C−3/45,α and Δ0u∗∈C−32,α on the end, where Δ0=∑i=13∂xi2.

Choose the fixed smooth future timelike transverse field Y supplied by the timelike-flow construction: it equals the gq∗ future unit normal along a neighborhood of a chosen compact core containing S, and equals T on a sufficiently distant product tail. Write ϕY for its local flow and Fw(p)=ϕw(p)Y(p) for its admissible C4,α flow graph. In particular, on that tail Fw(x)=Ψ(u∗(x)+w(x),x). Let h∗,n∗ be the induced metric and future unit normal of Σ for gq∗, and set k∗(U,V)=−gq∗(∇U∗n∗,V), where ∇∗ is the Levi–Civita connection of gq∗. Use the mean-curvature convention H∗=−tr⁡h∗k∗=0 and define V∗=∣k∗∣h∗2+Ric⁡(gq∗)(n∗,n∗) and a∗=−gq∗(Y,n∗).

After shrinking the parameter interval about q∗ and the height ball about zero, the graphs are embedded and spacelike for every parameter and satisfy Fw∣S=id⁡S. Define H(q,w)=Fw∗(div⁡gqnq,w), where nq,w is the future unit normal of the graph and divergence uses a local unit timelike extension. Then H is C1 on this neighborhood of (q∗,0) in R×Xβ with values in Yβ, meaning continuous Fréchet differentiability in these norms. Its height derivative is the bounded linear map DwH(q∗,0)v=(Δh∗−V∗)(a∗v), with Δh∗=div⁡h∗grad⁡h∗. No boundary condition is imposed on the output. No invertibility or implicit-function conclusion is included.

Statement references

Facts & Assumptions

[F1]

The weighted domain and target, including the closed zero-trace subspace, are real Banach spaces for the fixed exterior and chart data. Weighted Hölder spaces and their Dirichlet kernels are Banach

[F2]

Under the common product-end bounds and compact parameter smoothness, the timelike-flow construction supplies a fixed transverse field and a parameter-uniform open ball of embedded spacelike zero-trace graphs, fixed pointwise on the boundary. A timelike transverse field gives a fixed-boundary admissible graph neighborhood

[F3]

On a compact truncation, compatible smooth flow charts give a continuously Fréchet differentiable mean-curvature map from the full finite-norm order-four Hölder space to the order-two space, with the explicit local jet derivative and operator-norm continuity. Compact-core Hölder superposition gives a continuously differentiable graph map

[F4]

Under precisely the stationary-family, reference-height and weighted parameter hypotheses stated here, the end mean-curvature map is continuously Fréchet differentiable into weight beta minus two, with a uniform remainder and derivative-continuity modulus over all end annuli; a fixed compact end collar may be included. Stationarity supplies the weighted end differentiability estimates

[F5]

The pulled-back mean-curvature variation with velocity an+X is Δha−(∣k∣h2+Ric⁡(n,n))a+X(H), with the curvature and second-form conventions used here. In particular the transport term vanishes at a maximal reference slice. Mean-curvature variation and the stationary lapse equation

[F6]

The stationary data fix the metric, time orientation, connection and Ricci convention; the hypersurface data fix the future normal, induced metric, negative-sign second fundamental form and normal–tangential splitting; the flow-graph definition fixes the pullback and divergence convention. Stationary Lorentzian data and tensor conventions Normal graphs and the nonlinear mean-curvature map Spacelike sections, maximality and lapse–shift data

[F7]

The exterior definition fixes the compact and annular norms, zero trace and Laplace–Beltrami convention. Differentiated decay and common-parameter bounds are interpreted in the same fixed Cartesian end chart. Weighted exterior elliptic domains and admissible weights Differentiated asymptotic bounds and parameter uniformity

[F8]

A Fréchet derivative is a bounded linear map whose remainder divided by the increment norm tends to zero; class C1 requires continuity of that derivative in operator norm. C k map between Banach spaces Fréchet derivative between Banach spaces

[F9]

ZFC includes the Axiom of Choice, retained when invoking the timelike-flow construction and its partition-of-unity input, and the weighted completeness supplier. The Axiom of Choice

[F10]

The sum norm is a standard finite-product norm, and a finite product of real Banach spaces is Banach in that norm. Apply this to R and Xβ. The standard product norms on a finite product of normed spaces Finite products of Banach spaces are Banach

Proof

Given: The fixed exterior, jointly smooth stationary family, uniform end data, maximal reference slice and graph field in the Statement.

Goal: Prove the global weighted C1 mapping property and identify its bounded height derivative.

1.1givenF1F2F3F4F6F7F9F10algebra

On a smaller compact parameter interval, positivity of b,c bounds them above and away from zero. The uniform end estimates and Du∗=O(r−7/4) imply bounded ambient components and hq,ij=gq,ij+gq,0iu∗,j+gq,0ju∗,i+gq,00u∗,iu∗,j=b(q)2δij+O(r−1) uniformly. Thus hq≥mδ on a sufficiently distant common tail for some m>0. These are the end hypotheses of [F2], with stationary generator normalization one. On compact subsets, joint smoothness and reference spacelikeness give its remaining family hypotheses after shrinking the interval. Invoke [F2], carrying [F9], to fix Y, its flow domain and an open admissible graph ball. On the tail where Y=T the graph is exactly the time translation in the Statement. Hence [F4] applies with all its reference-height and parameter-norm assumptions supplied explicitly; on compact truncations the fixed smooth flow charts and locally extended smooth data meet [F3]. The spaces and their sum-norm product are Banach by [F1] and [F10].

2.1givenF1F2F3F4F7F8F10step 1.1algebra

Apply [F3] on a compact truncation containing the nontranslation region and a fixed overlap collar, and [F4] on the translation tail. Their outputs agree on the overlap because both compute the future geometric mean curvature pulled back by the same Fw. Their derivatives agree there as well: at each overlap point subtract the two Fréchet remainder identities along a fixed increment direction, divide by its scalar size and let that scalar tend to zero. The compact and end derivatives therefore define one linear operator Lq,w on R×Xβ. Restrictions of a height to this fixed truncation are bounded in its finite-chart order-four Hölder norm by its global weighted norm: on the added compact end collar only bounded-radius annuli occur, so their weight factors and all fixed chart-transition coefficients have finite bounds. The same finite-chart comparison for order two shows that the global target norm is bounded by a constant times the sum of the compact target norm and the tail norm. Thus, for ε=∣s∣+∥v∥Cβ4,α, the global remainder is bounded by C(ωK(ε)+ωE(ε))ε, where the compact and end moduli tend to zero by [F3] and [F4]. Their derivative bounds also give boundedness of Lq,w, and the same comparison applied to derivative differences gives operator-norm continuity. By [F8] this proves the asserted global C1 property. Zero trace constrains the height directions only and imposes no output boundary condition.

3.1givenF3F4F5F6F7F8step 2.1algebra∎

At fixed q=q∗, the variation Fsv has velocity vY. Its normal speed is −gq∗(vY,n∗)=a∗v, and its remaining velocity component is tangent. Apply [F5] with the data and conventions in [F6]. Since H∗=0 identically, tangential transport contributes zero, leaving (Δh∗−V∗)(a∗v). This calculation also applies to every v∈Xβ, without assuming density of smooth functions in its Hölder norm: at any interior point the local jet derivative from [F3] or [F4] depends only on the two-jet of v, which can be matched by a smooth local polynomial direction; [F5] identifies that same jet expression for smooth local variations. The identity extends to S by continuity of the derivatives up to the boundary. It is consequently the height restriction of the global Fréchet derivative from step 2.1, so is bounded from Xβ to Yβ. Positivity of a∗ alone is not used to infer invertibility.

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